HELP ME Flashcards
systematics:
the disciple (under Linnaeus’s goal) that attempts to classify life. He first grouped them into things called genera
Taxonomy:
systematic classification and naming of organisms like Linnaeus’s system.
genus name:
written first, capitalized
Species Name:
first and second, second is never capitalized. When handwriting, underline both words please
Phylogenetics:
classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
cladistics:
every defined taxon must contain the species ancestral to that group plus all the species descendants.
the biggest taxon of all
life
equal clades:
same number of branches off of each one
molecular differences:
differences in proteins reflect the time since a common ancestor. more recent common ancestor has less protein differences.
evolution happens to
populations
natural selection happens to
individuals
environment does
selecting
each generation takes
the best of the last generation and varies it in the next generation
evolution does not
predict the future, organisms adapt to past environmental conditions
we are not a blend of
our parents, we are a new set of factors made from the subsets of our parents’ factors.
why does the phenotypic ration not exactly reflect the punnett square prediction?
Because probability has no memory and everything is chance. Always write approximately for all answers
when do unfavourable alleles stay in population?
When they persist for long periods without being exposed frequently in recessive phenotypes
genetic drift:
results in evolution that is nonadaptive. al id does is overrepressent an allele in population by chance alone
punnett square communication:
dominant always goes before recesive, maintain consistency with other dominance types, males are always written at the top of the punnett square, identify all the phenotypes and don’t forget to write parents into corner of square
when asking for “gametes that this can produce”:
state things that you would put in a punnett square ex. AA can only produce A gamete.
adaptation:
a trait that gives an individual an advantage in its environment or the process by which a population acquires such a trait due to natural selection
hardy Weinberg equilibrium:
shows the genotypes of a population where the frequencies don’t change. this is equilibrium.
doing hardy Weinberg equilibrium problems:
remember to convert the frequencies into number of individuals and vice versa, always write approximately!!!
conditions of hardy Weinberg
no mutations, no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating and no selection
evolutionary adaptation
Organisms produce more offspring than the resources can support, leading to competition. Offspring resemble but differ from their parents and from each other, so some are better at competing than others. Provided the traits are heritable, the favourable traits will increase in the population, while the less favourable ones will disappear over time. the result is evolutionary adaptation.
coronary arteries
The first branches from aorta are the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the myocardium. They can become clogged and can cause angina pectoris or even a heart attack (myocardial infarction)
P wave:
atria are excited (signal starts at top of atria)
QRS
ventricular excitation (signal goes down septum and partially up the ventricles)
T wave:
end of ventricular excitation (signal travels up to the top of ventricles)
