Biochem exam 2 Flashcards
pyruvate AA (3)
alanine (direct transamination)
cysteine (-NH2, - SH)
threonine (thr aldolase–>Co2 + NH4+ and THFA –> serine)
oxaloacetate (2)
aspartic acid/asparagine (transamination)
asparagine (-NH3)
alpha ketoglutarate (5)
glutamic acid (ox deamination –NADH)
glutamine (-NH4+)
Arginine, proline, histidine (co2 to histamine)
succinyl coA
met, thr, valline, methyl malonyl coa (cofactor is b12)
- ox deamination
- maple syrup urine disease
phenylalanine and tyrosine
p 450 to tyrosine and then fumerate–> acetoacetate
negative nitrogen balance
nitrogen excretion through urea > nitrogen uptake through AA
simple feedback
linear end product negative
sequential feedback
fork products inhibit start of fork
concerted
fork products inhibit both fork and pre-fork (need both for pre-fork)
enzyme multiplicity
X,y and z inhibit fork and also start of fork
ISOENZYMES
cumulative feedback
each enzyme can inhibit first step. each enzyme that binds means more increasing inhibition
glutamine synthetase
ATP form is less active, AMP form is active
7 uses for AA synthesis
proteins, cofactors, hormones, porphyrins and heme, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, pigments
heme synthesis
mt of liver. starts with succinyl coa and glycine condensing by pyrodoxal phosphate. get delta amino then condense using NH4
RBC degraded in
spleen, 120 days
bilirubin
heme is degraded by mixed function oxidase to add OH to get this. this goes to liver and adds sugar to make bile
- causes jaundice
porphyria disease
increase levels of delta amino, photosensitivity, red pee, OR enzyme is unstable OR block in enzyme leading to heme so more intermediates (eat liver or blood to get heme)
neurotransmitters
diffuse between ells to transfer nerve impulse
serotonin
from tryptophan. nneeds pyrodoxal phosphate. something to do with mushrooms
dopamine and norepi
tyrosine. using p450 and DOPA and pyrodoxal phosphate and SAM
melanin
DOPA makes red pigmennt, then quinoline comes in to make melanin, black pigment
PKU
deficency in thing that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. phe can be converted to phenylpyruvate
- more pp in blood and urine
- pigment issues with no melanin
cholesterol cycle
don’t forget reductase, mevalonic acid and negative effector cholesterol
sphingolipid cycle
palmitoyl coa + serine, co2 and nadph. sphingosine, ceramide__> cdp choline and sphingomyelin OR udp sugar and cerebrosie
inositol cycle
OH and atp
neiman pick
high sphingomeylin because can’t do to ceramide and phosphophocholine
prostaglandin
arach and prostagalnndin synth
bile salts
nadph, p450, co3 and coa
FAT and lipid in body
chlomicron to liver to lipase to VLDL to serum to LCAT then HDL then IDL then taken up
urea cycle
glu dehydrogenase (- is GTP and ATP). then take nh4 to carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine make citruline, arginosuccinate, argninie (- fumerate), then ornithine - urea comes from arginine
