Plants Flashcards
What are angiosperms?
Angiosperms: flowering plants that have seeds enclosed in the ovary
What is the sepal?
Sepal: leaves that are directly below the petals of a flower, usually in the calyx of a flower
What is the petal?
Petal: one of the often-colored segments of the corolla of a flower
What is the anther?
Anther: the location of the microspore mother cell located (pollen)
What is the stamen?
Stamen: male structure
What is the pollen grain?
Pollen grain originates in the anther. During pollination, it sticks to stigma on the female nucleus.
What is the pollen tube?
Pollen tube burrows into the style, during pollination, in order to be able to transport the pollen to egg.
What is the ovule?
Ovule is the location where fertilization actually happens, where the sperm joins the egg.
What is the shoot apex?
Shoot Apex is made up of meristem tissue, which is capable of being differentiated into different cells.
What is the meristem?
Meristem: undifferentiated cells capable of growth and specialization
What is the terminal bud?
Terminal bud: this is the tissue that give rise to a new set of leaves located on the shoot apex
What are terminal bud scar?
Terminal bud scar: the previous years’ terminal buds
What reproductive part if the plant is the fruit?
Fruit is a matured ovary
What are stem nodes?
Stem nodes: s tissue that give rise to new leaves
What are lateral buds?
Lateral buds: leaves begin as lateral buds
What is the internode?
Internode: space between nodes
What is the xylem?
Xylem: transports water
What is the phloem?
Phloem is made up of sieve cells, which arespecialized in transporting nutrients. These sievecells react to pressure within the stem to raisewater from lower parts of the plant to higher ones.
What is the cuticle?
Cuticle keeps the leaves moist
What is the palisade layer?
Palisade layer: uppermost epidermis in a leave,where all the chloroplasts are located
What are vascular bundles ?
Vascular bundles are what transports sugar
What is the spongy layer?
Spongy layer is the next layer after the palisade. It is made up of parenchyma cells.
What are guard cells?
Guard cells is what guards the stomata
What is the stomata?
Stomata are an opening in the leaves that allows moister to come in and out duringphotosynthesis.
What are primary roots?
Primary roots are the roots that grow downward not sideways.
What are later roots?
Later roots are roots that extend horizontally
What are root caps?
Root caps are the tips of roots, which are made up of dead cells.
What is the meristematic region?
Meristematic region is a region of the undifferentiated cells.
What is the elongation region?
Elongation region is a region where plant cells differentiate and grow.
What is the maturation region?
Maturation region is a region signified by where the epidermis produces root hair
What are cotyledons?
Cotyledons: first leaves: these baby leaves photosynthesize from within the seed even prior to germination.
What is the cortex?
Cortex is where the large parenchyma cells are found. The cortex region is found between the endodermal and the epidermal.
What is the parenchyma?
Parenchymas are thin walled, loosely packed cells.
What is the vascular cylinder?
Vascular cylinder is the region where the xylem and phloem are located in the roots.
What are terminal buds?
Terminal buds are responsible for the elongation of the stem
What is the tracheophyte?
Tracheophyte is another name for vascular plants
What are perennial plants?
Perennial Plants survive for many years, but some take more than one season to mature. At maturity, perennials will produce seeds and fruit or flowers.
What are annual plants?
Annual plants complete their life cycle (germinate, flower, produce seed and die) in one season. They must be replaced every year. Some examples include geraniums, impatiens, zinnias, marigolds, petunias, and pansies.
What are C4 plants?
C4 plants need to find a mechanism to prevent RuBP from binding to Oxygen instead ofCarbon. Therefore, instead of using RuBP, these plants use PEP. This way they can closetheir stomata since there is no Oxygen being released, prevent loss of water, and in thesame time, efficiently binds only to Carbon.d
What are CAM Plants?
All CO2 is collected at night and fixed by PEP using the same process used by C4 plants.
What is the Light Reaction?
Light is absorbed by chlorophyll pigmentThe light splits H2O into H+ and OxygenOxygen is released, and the H+ is used later in the Calvin CyclePhotolysis produces energy to be used during the Calvin cycle
What is the Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle?
H2O + CO2 glucoseRuBP or PEP fixes Carbon
Plants need different elements/ hormones to perform different functions. What is Nirtogen used for?
Plants use Nitrogen to aid them in taking in more energy from the sun.
How do plants use Potassium?
Potassium aids in stomata’s intake and release of water
How do plants use Magnesium?
Magnesium is found in the chloroplast and aids in photosynthesis. Plants that are short in Magnesium are usually discolored purple.
How do plants use Ascorbic Acid?
Ascorbic acid controls the opening and the closing of stomata, growth of winter buds, and regulation of the dormant states.
How do plants use Gibberellin?
Gibberellin: a hormone involved in cell division anddifferentiation. It is significantly involved with the axillary buds.
What are spore?
Spore (N): haploid, reproductive cells
What is the gametophyte generation?
Gametophyte: haploid, gives rise to gametes.
How do plants use sporophyte generation?
Sporophyte: diploid, gives rise to spores
Describe whether the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation is the dominant generation in each of the following phyla: Bryophyta and Tracheaophyta
Bryophyta: The gametophyte generation is the dominant generation; it is larger and nutriently-independent. The sporophyte generation grows from the archegonia in the gametophyte generation.
Tracheaophyta: The sporophyte generation is dominant, and it is the long-lived generation.
Describe whether the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation is the dominant generation in each of the following phyla: Conifers and Anthophyta.
Conifers: The sporophyte is the dominant generation. The gametophyte generation is short-lived and microscopic.
Anthophyta: The sporophyte is the dominant generation.
