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Biology PRAXIS Flashcards > Diversity of Life Plants and Animals > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Plants and Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Virus

A

Viruses are not living things. They are composed of nucleic acids encompassed inside of a nuclearenvelope.

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2
Q

Define: Retrovirus

A

Retrovirus is a virus that has RNA instead of DNA. It replicates in host via reverse transcription. Inorder to incorporate their genes into theirhost, retrovirus must convert their RNA into DNA. This DNA is incorporated in the host’s genome.

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3
Q

Define: Prions

A

Prions lack genetic code or nucleic acids;this is what differentiates them from viruses.

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4
Q

Describe the kingdom of Plants

A

EukaryoticSexual reproductionPhotosynthesizeMulticellular

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5
Q

Describe the kingdom of Fungi

A

Sexual reproductionMulticellular

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6
Q

Describe the kingdom of Animale

A

EukaryoticSexual reproductionMulticellular

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7
Q

Describe the kingdom of protists

A

EukaryoticSexual or asexual reproductionUnicellular

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8
Q

Describe the kingdom of Monera

A

ProkaryoticAsexual reproductionUnicellular

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9
Q

Describe the phylum of Porifera

A

Sponges

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10
Q

Describe the phylum of Cnidarians

A

Jellyfish

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11
Q

Describe the phylum of Platyhelminthes

A

Flat worms

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12
Q

Describe the phylum of Nematode

A

Round worms

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13
Q

Describe the phylum of Mollusca

A

Snails and clams

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14
Q

Describe the phylum of Annelida

A

Segmented worms and earthworms

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15
Q

Describe the phylum of Arthropoda

A

Spiders and crabs

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16
Q

Describe the phylum of Echinodermata

A

Star fish cleavage pattern is similar to chordates Radial symmetry Lacks Cephalization (Head) Simple endoskeleton

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17
Q

Describe the phylum of Chordate

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, andmammals Nerve cord Backbone Gill slit/ gas exchange Tail

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18
Q

Describe the phylum of Chondrichthyes

A

Fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton

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19
Q

Describe the phylum of Osteichthyes

A

Fish with a bony Skelton

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20
Q

Describe the phylum of Amphibia

A

A bony SkeltonPart of their life in water and part onlandNo amniotic egg Ectoderm- temperature change affectsthem significantly. They do not maintaintheir body temperature internally

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21
Q

Describe the phylum of Reptilian

A

Epidermal scales

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22
Q

Describe the phylum of Aves

A

Spindle shaped body with a head, neck, trunk,and tail

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23
Q

Describe the phylum of Mammalia

A

Body covered with hair glandsInternal fertilization Sweat glands Mammary glands Complex brain Teeth Lungs with a diaphragm Mammals are divided into placentamarsupials and Monotremes (egg laying)

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24
Q

Describe the phylum of Arthropods

A

Exoskeleton• Incomplete circulatory system

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25
Q

Describe the phylum of Agatha

A

No jaws fish

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26
Q

Describe the phylum of Amphibians

A

They do not have an amniotic egg, and thusthey must go to the water to reproduce.

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27
Q

Describe the phylum of Amniotes

A

These animals have an amniotic egg and thusthese animals are capable of living on land.

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28
Q

Describe the phylum of Vertebrate

A

• Complete Skelton• Axial Skelton (head and backbone)• Appendicular skeleton (legs and arms)

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29
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue include skin, lining of the intestine

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30
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue include ligaments, tendons

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31
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue include smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

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32
Q

Cartilage tissue

A

Cartilage tissue: reduces friction between bones, ears, and nose

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33
Q

Adipose Tissues

A

Adipose Tissues are fat storage, found under the skin and around organs. This iswhere fat is stored

34
Q

Nerve Tissues

A

Nerve tissues include brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglion (nerve tissues

35
Q

Blood Tissue

A

Blood tissue includes different blood cells floating in plasma

36
Q

Fission

A

Fission: the cell wall grows inward along the midline of the cell, producing identical sets of genetic information.

37
Q

Budding

A

Budding: The unequal cytokinesis during budding produces smaller but genetically identical organisms. The new organisms may separate from the parent immediately or it can be attached for a while.

38
Q

Regeneration

A

Regeneration: The regrowth of an injured body part as long as the central disk ispresent.

39
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Parthenogenesis: An unfertilized egg develops into an adult organism.

40
Q

Gonads

A

Gonads are where the gametes are produced Male: Testes Female: Ovaries

41
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Hermaphrodites are organisms that have reproductive organs that possess characteristics of both males and females.

42
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production that occurs in the seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonium produces four haploid sperm cells. The sperm is made up of a head (where the nucleus is present) and a flagellum (wherethe mitochondria are present).

43
Q

Oogenesis

A

Oogenesis is the process of female gametes production that occurs in the ovaries.One diploid sex cell goes under meiosis to produce ONE single, mature egg.

44
Q

External fertilization

A

• External fertilization occurs in vertebrates that live in water. The female lays the egg, and the male puts the sperm in the vicinity.

45
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Internal fertilization occurs in terrestrial vertebrates. This is the mostsuccessful way of reproduction

46
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

The menstrual Cycle is controlled by the hypothalamus. The main three hormonesinvolved are the FSH, LH, and GnRh. The Anterior Pituitary gland produces all of these three hormones. At the beginning of the cycle, LH starts increasing. Once LH is at its peak, then ovulation takes place. Ovulation results in the creation of a Corpus Luteum, which secrets Progesterone and Estrogen. These two hormones inhibit the hypothalamus and keep it from producing FSH + LH. After ovulation, the Corpus Luteum signals foran increased production of Progesterone and Estrogen. The increase of Progesterone would have reversal negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus resulting in the decrease of Progesterone. The drop in Progesterone starts the menstruation by breaking down the endometrium or the uterus walls.

47
Q

Fertilization

A

Fertilization is the process by which a sperm fertilizes the egg. This process can only happen within 12-24 hours after ovulation.

48
Q

Cleavage

A

• Cleavage is series of rapid meiotic divisions.• The number of cells increase without increasing the protoplasm•The ratio, eventually, of surface to volume increases within the cell. Thisimproves gas and nutrient exchange.• Within the first 72 hours, three cleavages form.• The eight celled individual is transferred to the uterus at the completion of the first 72 hours

49
Q

Gastrulation

A

• The blastula becomes instead of one layer three layers called gastrula.• These three layers then differentiate

50
Q

Neurulation

A

Rudimentary nervous system begins to develop Notochord develops Neural crest cells develops

51
Q

First Trimester

A

o Major organs begin to developo Heart start beatingo Eyes, gonads, limbs, and liver start to formo The Cartilaginous Skelton developso First bones developso Brain is fairly developed

52
Q

Second Trimester

A

o Fetus begins to moveo The fetus face appears humano Its toes and fingers elongate

53
Q

Third Trimester

A

Further brain developmento Fetus becomes less active as he/she occupies most of the space

54
Q

Birth

A

o The cervix thins out and dilateso The amniotic sac ruptureso During the final stage, the uterus contracts to expel the placenta andthe umbilical cord.

55
Q

Function of the circulatorySystem:

A
  1. Transport of gas2. Transport of nutrientsand wastes
56
Q

B cells have three main functions

A

Recognize alert proteins on the surface of cell2. Bonds to a specific antigen3. Make antibodies memory cells.

57
Q

What is the pathway of air entering the body during breathing?

A

Nasal PassagePharynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAleveoli

58
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

Involuntaryo Line most internal organs

59
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

The only cardiac muscle is the Hearto Involuntaryo Beatso Branched endings in cardiac muscle that interlock, which prevents muscle fiber tearingo Electric impulses travel causing contractions of the hearto Aorta: largest arteries in the body; it extends from the left Ventricle.o Ventricle is the part of the heart that collects and expels blood from the atrium. The left ventricle carries Oxygenated blood, while the right one carries the deoxygenated blood.o Atrium is the part of the heart, where blood enters the heart and returns to heart

60
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Voluntary

61
Q

Sodium- potassium resting potential

A

Potassium is present in a larger quantity on the inside of the cell membrane. Potassium makes the membrane more positive, while Sodium makes the membrane more negative. The resting potential is at -70, while the threshold potential is at -55.Sodium and Potassium move in and out of the cell and thus can induce a resting potential, threshold, or action potential.

62
Q

Muscle action potential

A

How do muscles utilize action potential? There are three proteins that affect Action Potential: Troponin, Actin, and Myosin. Think of Troponin as a fence between Myosin and Actin that prevents them from bonding with each other. Calcium comes andattaches to troponin and thus removes it out of the way. Now, Myosin is able to form a bridge with Actin. Once, they are bonded together, or a bridge is formed, an ATP molecule can be used to break the bridge up, whenever needed. In reversal, the energy of ATP can allow the Myosin to “power strike” the Actin and thus reattach.

63
Q

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

Ingestion: food intakeDigestion: the breakdown of foodEgestion: The rid of food not used

64
Q

Digestion Pathway

A
  1. The oral cavity2. The esophagus3. The stomach4. Pyloric Sphincter5. The small intestine (the duodenum)6. The liver7. The large intestine8. Rectum9. Anus
65
Q

Ruminants

A

Camels are examples of Ruminants. These animals consume a large amount of vegetation’s and store them into several chambers in the stomach. They also have the ability to regurgitate their food.

66
Q

cud

A

Cud: Whenever the chewed vegetation is regurgitated up again, it is called cud.

67
Q

crop

A

Crop: an organ that stores food until it is processed for absorption

68
Q

What is the function of the EXECRATORY SYSTEM?

A

Function: producing and filtering waste

69
Q

What is the function of the kidneys ?

A

The kidneys filter metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them to the urinary tract. Urine: 95% water and the rest includes:o Urea: broken proteinso Uric acid: formed frombreaking of nucleicacidso Creatinine: byproducts of muscle contractions

70
Q

What is the function of the Liver?

A

Liver: It produces bile, which aids in the breaking down of nitrogenous bases. It aids in digesting fats and carries broken down pigments and chemicals (pollutants and medications). It, then, secretes these chemicals to the small intestine. Eventually, they are passed to the large intestine, where they are made into feces.

71
Q

What is the function of the Lungs?

A

Lung: exchange of gas

72
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas and Gall Bladder produce enzymes into the small intestine for final digestion.

73
Q

What is the function of the Gall Bladder?

A

The pancreas and Gall Bladder produce enzymes into the small intestine for final digestion.

74
Q

What is Pyloric Sphincter?

A

The watery soap of nutrient passes through the Pyloric Sphincter to get to the small intestine.

75
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The food goes from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis, which are contractions of the esophagus that helps to move the food down.

76
Q

Amylase is the enzyme in saliva that helps to break down thefood

A

Amylase is the enzyme in saliva that helps to break down the food

77
Q

Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands

A

Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands

78
Q

Describe the blood flow of deoxygenated blood throughout the heart.

A

Body -> Heart -> Lungs

The deoxygenated blood flows through the vena cava, and enters the right atrium. It leaves the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, and enters the right ventricle. It exists the heart via the pulmonic valve, travels through the pulmonary artery, and enters the lungs where it is oxygenated.

Summary: Body -> Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonic Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs

79
Q

Describe the blood flow of oxygenated blood throughout the heart.

A

Lungs -> Heart -> Body

The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs, travels via the pulmonary vein, and enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood goes from the left atrium, passing through the mitral valve, to arrive at the left ventricle. The blood leaves the heart via the aortic valve, enters the aorta, by which it is delivers to the rest of the body.

Summary: Lungs -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valves -> Aorta -> Rest of the Body

80
Q

Describe the body’s inflammatory response in the case of physical damage to the body or in the case of an allergic reaction.

A

When an injury occurs, the injured cells release Histamine. The released Histamine causes the blood vessels to dilate and thus increasing the blood flow. Granulocytes cells are attracted to the damaged cells, and they phagocyte any antigenic content. When the body goes through this process in response to normal things, like peanuts or fish, it is an allergic reaction.

In case of a vital injury, the injured cells, also, release interferons, which spread to neighboring cells to prevent the spread of the antigenic content.

Biology PRAXIS Flashcards (7 decks)

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