Diversity of Life Plants and Animals Flashcards
Define: Virus
Viruses are not living things. They are composed of nucleic acids encompassed inside of a nuclearenvelope.
Define: Retrovirus
Retrovirus is a virus that has RNA instead of DNA. It replicates in host via reverse transcription. Inorder to incorporate their genes into theirhost, retrovirus must convert their RNA into DNA. This DNA is incorporated in the host’s genome.
Define: Prions
Prions lack genetic code or nucleic acids;this is what differentiates them from viruses.
Describe the kingdom of Plants
EukaryoticSexual reproductionPhotosynthesizeMulticellular
Describe the kingdom of Fungi
Sexual reproductionMulticellular
Describe the kingdom of Animale
EukaryoticSexual reproductionMulticellular
Describe the kingdom of protists
EukaryoticSexual or asexual reproductionUnicellular
Describe the kingdom of Monera
ProkaryoticAsexual reproductionUnicellular
Describe the phylum of Porifera
Sponges
Describe the phylum of Cnidarians
Jellyfish
Describe the phylum of Platyhelminthes
Flat worms
Describe the phylum of Nematode
Round worms
Describe the phylum of Mollusca
Snails and clams
Describe the phylum of Annelida
Segmented worms and earthworms
Describe the phylum of Arthropoda
Spiders and crabs
Describe the phylum of Echinodermata
Star fish cleavage pattern is similar to chordates Radial symmetry Lacks Cephalization (Head) Simple endoskeleton
Describe the phylum of Chordate
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, andmammals Nerve cord Backbone Gill slit/ gas exchange Tail
Describe the phylum of Chondrichthyes
Fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton
Describe the phylum of Osteichthyes
Fish with a bony Skelton
Describe the phylum of Amphibia
A bony SkeltonPart of their life in water and part onlandNo amniotic egg Ectoderm- temperature change affectsthem significantly. They do not maintaintheir body temperature internally
Describe the phylum of Reptilian
Epidermal scales
Describe the phylum of Aves
Spindle shaped body with a head, neck, trunk,and tail
Describe the phylum of Mammalia
Body covered with hair glandsInternal fertilization Sweat glands Mammary glands Complex brain Teeth Lungs with a diaphragm Mammals are divided into placentamarsupials and Monotremes (egg laying)
Describe the phylum of Arthropods
Exoskeleton• Incomplete circulatory system
Describe the phylum of Agatha
No jaws fish
Describe the phylum of Amphibians
They do not have an amniotic egg, and thusthey must go to the water to reproduce.
Describe the phylum of Amniotes
These animals have an amniotic egg and thusthese animals are capable of living on land.
Describe the phylum of Vertebrate
• Complete Skelton• Axial Skelton (head and backbone)• Appendicular skeleton (legs and arms)
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue include skin, lining of the intestine
Connective tissue
Connective tissue include ligaments, tendons
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue include smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage tissue: reduces friction between bones, ears, and nose
Adipose Tissues
Adipose Tissues are fat storage, found under the skin and around organs. This iswhere fat is stored
Nerve Tissues
Nerve tissues include brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglion (nerve tissues
Blood Tissue
Blood tissue includes different blood cells floating in plasma
Fission
Fission: the cell wall grows inward along the midline of the cell, producing identical sets of genetic information.
Budding
Budding: The unequal cytokinesis during budding produces smaller but genetically identical organisms. The new organisms may separate from the parent immediately or it can be attached for a while.
Regeneration
Regeneration: The regrowth of an injured body part as long as the central disk ispresent.
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis: An unfertilized egg develops into an adult organism.
Gonads
Gonads are where the gametes are produced Male: Testes Female: Ovaries
Hermaphrodites
Hermaphrodites are organisms that have reproductive organs that possess characteristics of both males and females.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production that occurs in the seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonium produces four haploid sperm cells. The sperm is made up of a head (where the nucleus is present) and a flagellum (wherethe mitochondria are present).
Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process of female gametes production that occurs in the ovaries.One diploid sex cell goes under meiosis to produce ONE single, mature egg.
External fertilization
• External fertilization occurs in vertebrates that live in water. The female lays the egg, and the male puts the sperm in the vicinity.
Internal fertilization
Internal fertilization occurs in terrestrial vertebrates. This is the mostsuccessful way of reproduction
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual Cycle is controlled by the hypothalamus. The main three hormonesinvolved are the FSH, LH, and GnRh. The Anterior Pituitary gland produces all of these three hormones. At the beginning of the cycle, LH starts increasing. Once LH is at its peak, then ovulation takes place. Ovulation results in the creation of a Corpus Luteum, which secrets Progesterone and Estrogen. These two hormones inhibit the hypothalamus and keep it from producing FSH + LH. After ovulation, the Corpus Luteum signals foran increased production of Progesterone and Estrogen. The increase of Progesterone would have reversal negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus resulting in the decrease of Progesterone. The drop in Progesterone starts the menstruation by breaking down the endometrium or the uterus walls.
Fertilization
Fertilization is the process by which a sperm fertilizes the egg. This process can only happen within 12-24 hours after ovulation.
Cleavage
• Cleavage is series of rapid meiotic divisions.• The number of cells increase without increasing the protoplasm•The ratio, eventually, of surface to volume increases within the cell. Thisimproves gas and nutrient exchange.• Within the first 72 hours, three cleavages form.• The eight celled individual is transferred to the uterus at the completion of the first 72 hours
Gastrulation
• The blastula becomes instead of one layer three layers called gastrula.• These three layers then differentiate
Neurulation
Rudimentary nervous system begins to develop Notochord develops Neural crest cells develops
First Trimester
o Major organs begin to developo Heart start beatingo Eyes, gonads, limbs, and liver start to formo The Cartilaginous Skelton developso First bones developso Brain is fairly developed
Second Trimester
o Fetus begins to moveo The fetus face appears humano Its toes and fingers elongate
Third Trimester
Further brain developmento Fetus becomes less active as he/she occupies most of the space
Birth
o The cervix thins out and dilateso The amniotic sac ruptureso During the final stage, the uterus contracts to expel the placenta andthe umbilical cord.
Function of the circulatorySystem:
- Transport of gas2. Transport of nutrientsand wastes
B cells have three main functions
Recognize alert proteins on the surface of cell2. Bonds to a specific antigen3. Make antibodies memory cells.
What is the pathway of air entering the body during breathing?
Nasal PassagePharynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAleveoli
Smooth Muscles
Involuntaryo Line most internal organs
Cardiac Muscles
The only cardiac muscle is the Hearto Involuntaryo Beatso Branched endings in cardiac muscle that interlock, which prevents muscle fiber tearingo Electric impulses travel causing contractions of the hearto Aorta: largest arteries in the body; it extends from the left Ventricle.o Ventricle is the part of the heart that collects and expels blood from the atrium. The left ventricle carries Oxygenated blood, while the right one carries the deoxygenated blood.o Atrium is the part of the heart, where blood enters the heart and returns to heart
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary
Sodium- potassium resting potential
Potassium is present in a larger quantity on the inside of the cell membrane. Potassium makes the membrane more positive, while Sodium makes the membrane more negative. The resting potential is at -70, while the threshold potential is at -55.Sodium and Potassium move in and out of the cell and thus can induce a resting potential, threshold, or action potential.
Muscle action potential
How do muscles utilize action potential? There are three proteins that affect Action Potential: Troponin, Actin, and Myosin. Think of Troponin as a fence between Myosin and Actin that prevents them from bonding with each other. Calcium comes andattaches to troponin and thus removes it out of the way. Now, Myosin is able to form a bridge with Actin. Once, they are bonded together, or a bridge is formed, an ATP molecule can be used to break the bridge up, whenever needed. In reversal, the energy of ATP can allow the Myosin to “power strike” the Actin and thus reattach.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ingestion: food intakeDigestion: the breakdown of foodEgestion: The rid of food not used
Digestion Pathway
- The oral cavity2. The esophagus3. The stomach4. Pyloric Sphincter5. The small intestine (the duodenum)6. The liver7. The large intestine8. Rectum9. Anus
Ruminants
Camels are examples of Ruminants. These animals consume a large amount of vegetation’s and store them into several chambers in the stomach. They also have the ability to regurgitate their food.
cud
Cud: Whenever the chewed vegetation is regurgitated up again, it is called cud.
crop
Crop: an organ that stores food until it is processed for absorption
What is the function of the EXECRATORY SYSTEM?
Function: producing and filtering waste
What is the function of the kidneys ?
The kidneys filter metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them to the urinary tract. Urine: 95% water and the rest includes:o Urea: broken proteinso Uric acid: formed frombreaking of nucleicacidso Creatinine: byproducts of muscle contractions
What is the function of the Liver?
Liver: It produces bile, which aids in the breaking down of nitrogenous bases. It aids in digesting fats and carries broken down pigments and chemicals (pollutants and medications). It, then, secretes these chemicals to the small intestine. Eventually, they are passed to the large intestine, where they are made into feces.
What is the function of the Lungs?
Lung: exchange of gas
What is the function of the pancreas?
The pancreas and Gall Bladder produce enzymes into the small intestine for final digestion.
What is the function of the Gall Bladder?
The pancreas and Gall Bladder produce enzymes into the small intestine for final digestion.
What is Pyloric Sphincter?
The watery soap of nutrient passes through the Pyloric Sphincter to get to the small intestine.
What is peristalsis?
The food goes from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis, which are contractions of the esophagus that helps to move the food down.
Amylase is the enzyme in saliva that helps to break down thefood
Amylase is the enzyme in saliva that helps to break down the food
Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands
Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands
Describe the blood flow of deoxygenated blood throughout the heart.
Body -> Heart -> Lungs
The deoxygenated blood flows through the vena cava, and enters the right atrium. It leaves the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, and enters the right ventricle. It exists the heart via the pulmonic valve, travels through the pulmonary artery, and enters the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Summary: Body -> Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonic Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs
Describe the blood flow of oxygenated blood throughout the heart.
Lungs -> Heart -> Body
The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs, travels via the pulmonary vein, and enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood goes from the left atrium, passing through the mitral valve, to arrive at the left ventricle. The blood leaves the heart via the aortic valve, enters the aorta, by which it is delivers to the rest of the body.
Summary: Lungs -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valves -> Aorta -> Rest of the Body
Describe the body’s inflammatory response in the case of physical damage to the body or in the case of an allergic reaction.
When an injury occurs, the injured cells release Histamine. The released Histamine causes the blood vessels to dilate and thus increasing the blood flow. Granulocytes cells are attracted to the damaged cells, and they phagocyte any antigenic content. When the body goes through this process in response to normal things, like peanuts or fish, it is an allergic reaction.
In case of a vital injury, the injured cells, also, release interferons, which spread to neighboring cells to prevent the spread of the antigenic content.
