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plants Flashcards

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1
Q

lateral meristem that produces a tough protective covering for the surface of stems and roots.

A

cork cambium

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2
Q

lateral meristem that produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stem and roots.

A

vascular cambium

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3
Q

tough, protective layer of parenchyma cells that covers the tip of a root.

A

root cap

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4
Q

cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata; regulate the flow of water vapor from leaf tissue.

A

guard cells

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5
Q

nucleated cells that help transport sugars and other organic compounds through the sieve cells of the phloem.

A

companion cells

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6
Q

hollow, tubular cells in the xylem; conduct water and dissolve minerals from the roots to the stem; have open ends through which water passes freely from cell to cell.

A

vessel elements

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7
Q

anthophyte fertilization in which one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm joins with the central cell.

A

double fertilization

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8
Q

in seed plants, structure in which the male gametophyte develops; consists of sperm cells, nutrients, and a protective outer covering.

A

pollen grain

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9
Q

regions of actively dividing cells near the tips of roots and stems; allows roots and stems to increase in length.

A

apical meristem

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10
Q

responsive movement of a plant not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

A

nastic movement

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11
Q

two nuclei in the center of the egg sac of a flowering plant that become the triploid (3n) endosperm when joined with a sperm during double fertilization.

A

polar nuclei

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12
Q

plants that do not hav vascular tissues.

A

nonvascular plants

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13
Q

plants that drop all of their leaves each fall or when water is scarce or unavailable; an adaptation for reducing water loss when water is unavailable.

A

deciduous plants

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14
Q

plants that have vascular tissues; enables taller growth and survival on land.

A

vascular plants

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15
Q

type of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant is produced from existing plant organs or parts of organs.

A

vegetative reproduction

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16
Q

tissues found in vascular plants composed of tubelike, elongated cells through which water, food, and other materials are transported throughout the plant; include xylem and phloem.

A

vascular tissues

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17
Q

tubular cells in phloem; each cell lacks a nucleus.

A

sieve tube members

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18
Q

a plant organ of seed plants consisting of an embryo, a food supply, and a protective coat; protects the embryo from drying out and also can aid in dispersal.

A

seed

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19
Q

anthophyte that has a life span of two years.

A

biennial

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20
Q

anthophyte that lives for one year or less.

A

annual

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21
Q

anthophyte that lives for several years.

A

perennial

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22
Q

any part of a plant that stores sugars produced during photosynthesis.

A

sink

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23
Q

beginning of the development of an embryo into a new plant.

A

germination

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24
Q

chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change.

A

hormone

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25
Q

class of anthophytes that have one seed leaf.

A

monocotyledon

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26
Q

class of anthophytes that have two seed leaves.

A

dicotyledon

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27
Q

clusters of sporangia usually found on the surface of fern fronds.

A

sorus

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28
Q

compact cluster of sporebearing leaves produced by some non-seed vascular plants.

A

strobilus

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29
Q

plants that flower over a range in the number of daylight hours.

A

day-neutral plants

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30
Q

embryonic root of an anthophyte embryo; the first part of the young sporophyte to emerge during germination.

A

radicle

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31
Q

female reproductive organ of a flower.

A

pistil

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32
Q

female reproductive structure in which eggs develop.

A

archegonium

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33
Q

fern gametophyte.

A

prothallus

34
Q

flowering plant response to differences in the length of day and night.

A

photoperiodism

35
Q

food storage tissue in an anthophyte seed that supports development of the growing embryo.

A

endosperm

36
Q

group of hormones that stimulate mitosis and cell division.

A

cytokinins

37
Q

group of plant hormones that cause plants to grow taller by stimulating cell elongation.

A

gibberellins

38
Q

growth response of a plant to an external stimulus.

A

tropism

39
Q

hairlike projections that extend from a plant’s epidermis; help reduce water evaporation and may provide protection from herbivores.

A

trichomes

40
Q

haploid spore formed by some plants that develops into a female gametophyte.

A

megaspore

41
Q

haploid spore formed by some plants that develops into a male gametophyte.

A

microspore

42
Q

in coniferophytes; scaly structures that support male and female reproductive structures.

A

cones

43
Q

in ferns leaves that grow upward from the rhizome; often divided into pinnae that are attached to a central rachis.

A

frond

44
Q

in mosses, a small, green filament of haploid cells that develops from a spore; develops into the gametophyte.

A

protonema

45
Q

in plants, the bottom portion of a flower’s pistil that contains one or more ovules each containing one egg.

A

ovary

46
Q

in plants, the layer of cells just within the endodermis that gives rise to lateral roots.

A

pericycle

47
Q

in plants, the loss of water through stomata.

A

transpiration

48
Q

in plants, the outmost layer of flattened cells that covers and protects all parts of the plant.

A

epidermis

49
Q

in plants, the stalk that joins the leaf blade to the stem.

A

petiole

50
Q

in seed plants, the sporophyte structure surrounding the developing female gametophyte; forms the seed after fertilization.

A

ovule

51
Q

layer of ground tissue in the roots that is involved in the transport of water and ions inot the vascular tissue of the root.

A

cortex

52
Q

leaflike flower organs, usually brightly colored structures at the top of a flower stem.

A

petals

53
Q

leaflike, usually green structures encircle the top of a flower stem below the petals.

A

sepals

54
Q

long, flexible plant cells with unevenly thickened cell walls; most common in actively growing tissues.

A

collenchyma

55
Q

plants that are induced to flower when the number of daylight hours is longer than its critical period.

A

long-day plants

56
Q

male reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and a filament.

A

stamen

57
Q

male reproductive structure in which sperm develops.

A

antheridium

58
Q

most abundant type of plant cell; spherical cells with thin, flexible cell walls and a large central vocuole; important for storage and food production.

A

parenchyma

59
Q

movement of sugars in the phloem of a plant.

A

translocation

60
Q

openings in leaf tissues that control gas exchange.

A

stomata

61
Q

period of inactivity in a mature seed prior to germination.

A

dormancy

62
Q

photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.

A

mesophyll

63
Q

plant cells with thick, rigid cell walls; provide support for the plant and are a major component of vascular tissue.

A

sclerenchyma

64
Q

plant hormone that promotes the ripening of fruits.

A

ethylene

65
Q

plant organ that absorbs water and minerals usually from soil; conatins vascular tissues; anchors plants; can be a storage organ.

A

root

66
Q

plant organ that provides support and growth; contains tissues that transport food, water, and other materials; organ from which leaves grow.

A

stem

67
Q

pollen-producing structure located at the tip of a flower’s stamen.

A

anther

68
Q

portion of the stem nearest the seed in a young plant.

A

hypocotyl

69
Q

protective, waxy coating on the outer surface of the epidermis of most stems and leaves; important adaptation in reducing water loss.

A

cuticle

70
Q

regions of actively dividing cells in plants.

A

meristems

71
Q

seed-containing ripened ovary of an anthophyte flower; may be fleshy or dry.

A

fruit

72
Q

a plant that is induced to flower when the number of daylight hours is shorter than its critical period.

A

short-day plant

73
Q

single layer of cells that forms a waterproof seal around a root’s vascular tissue; controls the flow of water and dissolved minerals into the root.

A

endodermis

74
Q

structure of seed plant embryo that stores or absorbs food for the developing embryo.

A

cotyledons

75
Q

the opening in the ovule through which the pollen tube enters.

A

micropyle

76
Q

the plant organ that grows from a stem in which photosynthesis usually occurs.

A

leaf

77
Q

the young diploid sporophyte of a plant.

A

embryo

78
Q

thick, underground stem of a fern and other vascular plants; often functions as an organ for food storage.

A

rhizome

79
Q

tubular cells in the xylem that have tapered ends and are dead at maturity.

A

tracheids

80
Q

vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

A

xylem

81
Q

vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars to all parts of the plant.

A

phloem

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