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ecology2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

field of biology that studies methods and implements plans to protect diodiversity.

A

conservation biology

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2
Q

number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely; populations below carrying capacity tend to increase; those above carrying capacity tend to decrease.

A

carrying capacity

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3
Q

simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.

A

food chain

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4
Q

a community made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time.

A

biological community

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5
Q

a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time.

A

climax community

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6
Q

natural strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another.

A

habitat corridors

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7
Q

damage to a habitat by air, water, and land pollution.

A

habitat degradation

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8
Q

different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem.

A

edge effect

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9
Q

any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.

A

limiting factor

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10
Q

all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.

A

biotic factors

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11
Q

nonliving parts of an organism’s environment, air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil are examples.

A

abiotic factors

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12
Q

separation of wilderness areas from each other; may cause problems for organisms that need large areas for food or mating.

A

habitat fragmentation

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13
Q

growth pattern where a population grows faster as it increases in size; graph of a exponentially growing population resembles a J-shaped curve.

A

exponential growth phase

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14
Q

layer of the atmosphere that helps to protect living organisms on Earth’s surface from damaging doses of ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

A

ozone layer

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15
Q

organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an ecosystem.

A

trophic level

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16
Q

rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH below 7; causes the deterioration of forests, lakes, statures, and buildings.

A

acid precipitation

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17
Q

programs that release organisms into an area where their species once lived in hopes of reestablishing naturally reproducing populations.

A

reintroduction programs

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18
Q

biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth; receives at least 200 cm of rain annuall; contains more species of organisms than any other biome.

A

tropical rain forest

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19
Q

number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year.

A

death rate

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20
Q

a species in which the number of individuals falls so low that extinction is possible.

A

endangered species

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21
Q

nonnative species in an area; may take over niches of native species in an aera and eventually replace them.

A

exotic species

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22
Q

when the population of a species is likely to become endangered.

A

threatened species

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23
Q

proportions of a population that are at different age levels.

A

age structure

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24
Q

colonization of barren land by pioneer organisms.

A

primary succession

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25
Q

sequence of changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions.

A

secondary succession

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26
Q

time needed for a population to double in size.

A

doubling time

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27
Q

philosophy that promotes letting people use resources in wilderness areas in ways that will not damage the ecosystem.

A

sustainable use

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28
Q

model that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.

A

food web

29
Q

deep water that never receives sunlight.

A

aphotic zone

30
Q

portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate.

A

photic zone

31
Q

portion of the shoreline that lies between high tide and low tide lines.

A

intertidal zone

32
Q

a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

A

mutualism

33
Q

animals that feed on animals that have already died.

A

scavengers

34
Q

arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life; the driest biome, usually receives less than 25 cm of precipitation annually.

A

desert

35
Q

biome composed of large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, and similar small plants; receives 25-27 cm of precipitation annually.

A

grasslands

36
Q

biome just south of the tundra; characterized by a boreal or northern coniferous forest composed of larcli, fir, hemlock, and spruce trees and acidic, mineral-poor topsoils.

A

taiga

37
Q

biome that surrounds the north and south poles; treeless land with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight; characterized by permafrost.

A

tundra

38
Q

coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, which freshwater and salt water mix.

A

estuary

39
Q

collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment.

A

community

40
Q

limiting factors such as disease, parasites, or food availability that affect growth of a population.

A

density-dependent factors

41
Q

factor such as temperature, storms, floods, drought, or habitat disruption that affects all populations, regardless of their density.

A

density-independent factor

42
Q

group of ecosystems with the same climax communities; biomes on land are called terrestrial biomes, those in water are called aquatic biomes.

A

biome

43
Q

group of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

A

population

44
Q

interactions among populations in a community; the community’s physical surroundings, or abiotic factors.

A

ecosystem

45
Q

layer of permanently frozen ground that lies underneath the topsoil of the tundra.

A

permafrost

46
Q

an organism’s patterno reproduction; may be rapid or slow.

A

life-history patterns

47
Q

movement of individuals form a population.

A

emigration

48
Q

movement of individuals into a population.

A

immigration

49
Q

number of live births per 1000 population in a given year.

A

birthrate

50
Q

orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in communities of an ecosystem over time.

A

succession

51
Q

organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients.

A

heterotrophs

52
Q

organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients.

A

autotrophs

53
Q

organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms.

A

decomposers

54
Q

permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species.

A

symbiosis

55
Q

place where an organism lives out its life.

A

habitat

56
Q

portion of Earth that supports life; extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans.

A

biosphere

57
Q

role or position a species has in its environment; includes all biotic and abiotic interactions as an animal meets its needs for survival and reproduction.

A

niche

58
Q

scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments.

A

ecology

59
Q

small organisms that drift and float in the waters of the photic zone; includes both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, their eggs, and the juvenile stages of many marine animals.

A

plankton

60
Q

study of population characteristics such as growth rate, age structure, and geographic distribution.

A

demography

61
Q

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another, usually another species.

A

parasitism

62
Q

symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.

A

commensalism

63
Q

biome composed of forests of broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually; receives 70-150 cm of precipitation annually.

A

temperate-deciduous forests

64
Q

the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

A

tolerance

65
Q

the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.

A

extinction

66
Q

the total mass or weight of all living matter in a given area.

A

biomass

67
Q

variety of life in an area; usually measured as the number of species that live in an area.

A

biodiversity

68
Q

when members of a species are held by people in zoos or other conservation facilities.

A

captivity

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