body Flashcards
1
Q
smooth muscle bag that stores urine until it is expelled from the body.
A
urinary bladder
2
Q
large, nucleated blood cells that play a major role in protecting the body from foreign substances and microscopic organisms.
A
white blood cells
3
Q
round, disk-shaped cells in the blood that carry oxygen to body cells; make up 44 percent of the total volume of the blood.
A
red blood cells
4
Q
layer of protective hard bone tissue surrounding every bone; composed of repeating units of osteon systems.
A
compact bone
5
Q
soft bone containing many holes and spaces surrounded by a layer of more dense compact bone.
A
spongy bone
6
Q
sensory receptors located on the tongue that result in taste perception.
A
taste buds
7
Q
structures in the inner ear containing fluid and hairs that help the body maintain balance.
A
semicircular canals
8
Q
two large veins that fill the right atrium of the mammalian heart with oxygen-poor blood from the head and body.
A
venae cavae
9
Q
cells that have receptors on their plasma membranes or in their nuclei for specific endocrine hormones.
A
target cells
10
Q
ropelike structure that attaches the embryo to the wall of the uterus; supplies a developing embryo with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products.
A
umbilical cord
11
Q
in human females, the montly cycle that includes the production of an egg, the preparation of the uterus to receive an egg, and the shedding of an egg if it remains unfertilized.
A
menstrual cycle
12
Q
in males, duct that transports sperm from the epididymis towards the ejaculatory ducts of the uretha.
A
vas deferens
13
Q
any disease caused by pathogens in the body.
A
infectious disease
14
Q
disease that is constantly present in a population.
A
endemic disease
15
Q
internal feedback mechanism in which a substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce production of a substance.
A
negative feedback system
16
Q
theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction while the myosin filaments do not move.
A
sliding filament theory
17
Q
fluid that bathes the cells of the body; formed when water and dissolved substances diffuse from the blood into the spaces between the cells that make up the surrounding tissues.
A
tissue fluid
18
Q
gland located in the neck; regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
A
thyroid gland
19
Q
in human males, single gland that lies below the bladder and surrounds the top portion of the urethra; secretes a thin, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move and survive.
A
prostate gland
20
Q
main gland of the endocrine system that controls many other endocrine glands.
A
pituitary gland
21
Q
glands located beneath the prostrate that secrete a clear, sticky, alkaline fluid that protects sperm by neutralizing the acidic environment of the vagina.
A
bulbourethral glands
22
Q
pair of glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete hormones, such as adrenaline, that prepare the body for stressful situations.
A
adrenal glands
23
Q
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in the regulation of minerals in the body.
A
parathyroid glands
24
Q
series of ductless glands tht make up the endocrine system; release chemicals directly into the bloodstream where they relay messages to other parts of the body.
A
endocrine glands
25
body's earliest lines of defense agains any and all pathogens; includes skin and body secretions, inflammation of body tissues, and phagocytosis of pathogens.
innate immunity
26
gradual build-up of resistance to a specific pathogen over time.
acquired immunity
27
muscular tube about 6 m long where digestion is completed; connects the stomach and the large intestine.
small intestine
28
muscular tube through which indigestible materials are passed to the rectum for excretion.
large intestine
29
part of an ovarian follicle that remains in the ovary after ovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone.
corpus luteum
30
marrow composed of stored fats found in many bones.
yellow marrow
31
marrow found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
red marrow
32
a type of voluntary muscle that is attached to and moves the bones of the skeleton.
skeletal muscle
33
muscle in which contractions are not under conscious control.
involuntary muscle
34
muscle that contracts under conscious control.
voluntary muscle
35
type of involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels; most common function is to squeeze exerting pressure inside the tube or organ it surrounds.
smooth muscle
36
type of involuntary muscle found only in the heart; composed of interconnected cardiac muscle fibers; adapted to generate and conduct electrical impulses for muscle contraction.
cardiac muscle
37
division of the automatci nervous system that controls many of the body's internal functions when the body is at rest.
parasympathetic nervous system
38
division of the automatic nervous system that controls many of the body's internal functions during times of stress.
sympathetic nervous system
39
division of the nervous system made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system
40
in humans, portion of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to internal organs; produces involuntary responses.
automatic nervous system
41
in humans, the central control center of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
42
portion of the nervous system composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and all of their branches.
somatic nervous system
43
small mass of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph; made of a netwoark of connective tissue that contain lymphocytes.
lymph node
44
part of the brain stem that controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate.
medulla oblongata
45
force that blood exerts on blood vessels; rises and falls as the heart contracts and relaxes.
blood pressure
46
one of two main parts of the human skeleton, includes the bones of the arms and legs and associated structures, such as the shoulders and hip bones.
appendicular skeleton
47
one of two main parts of the human skeleton, includes the skull and the bones that support it, such as the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
axial skeleton
48
in males, pair of glands located at the base of the urinary bladder that secrete a mucouslike fluid into the vas deferens.
seminal vesicles
49
a single cytoplasmic extension of a neuron; carries impulses away from a nerve cell.
axon
50
as the body becomes less responsive to a drug and an individual needs larger or more frequent doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.
tolerance
51
automatic response to a stimulus; reflex stimulus travels to the spinal column and sent directly back to the muscle.
reflex
52
a lymphocyte that, when activated by a T cell becomes a plasma cell and produces antibodies.
B-cell
53
basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system; conducts impulses throughout the nervous system; composed of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
neurons
54
binding sites on target cells that bind with specific hormones.
receptors
55
branchlike extension of a neuron; transports impulses toward the cell body.
dendrite
56
chemical substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats during digestion.
bile
57
chemical substance that affects body functions.
drug
58
chemicals released from an axon that diffuse across a synapse to the next neuron's dendrites to initiate a new impulse.
neurotransmitters
59
collection of dead macrophages and body fluids that forms in infected tissues.
pus
60
combination of sperm and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
semen
61
digestive enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juices; breaks starches into smaller molecules such as disaccharides and monosaccharides.
amylase
62
disease-producing agents such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites.
pathogens
63
drug that increases the activity of the central and sympathetic nervous systems.
stimulant
64
drug that stimulates the central nervous system so that the user becomes disoriented and sees, hears, feels, tastes, or smells things that are not there.
hallucinogen
65
each section of a myofibril in muscle.
sarcomere
66
enzyme found in gastric juices; begins the chemical digestion of proteins in food; most effective in acidic environments.
pepsin
67
flap of cartilage that closes over the opening of the respiratory tract during swallowing; prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.
epiglottis
68
fluid portion of the blood that makes up about 55 percent of the total volume of the blood; contains red and white blood cells.
plasma
69
fluid-filled sac located between the bones that absorb shock and keep bones from rubbing against each other.
bursa
70
foreign substances that stimulate an immune response in the body.
antigens
71
group of plant hormones that promote cell elongation.
auxins
72
host-cell specific proteins that protect cells from viruses.
interferons
73
in females, the attachment of a blastocyst to the lining of the uterus.
implantation
74
in females, the process of an egg rupturing through the ovary wall and moving into the oviduct.
ovulation
75
in females, the tube that transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
oviduct
76
in human females, group of epithelial cells that surround a developing egg cells.
follicle
77
in human males, the coiled tube within the scrotum in which the sperm complete maturation.
epididymis
78
in humans and some other animals, the outermost protective layer composed of an outer layer of dead cells and an inner layer of living cells.
epidermis
79
in humans, the period when secondary sex characteristics begin to appear; changes are controlled by sex hormones secreted by the endocrine system.
puberty
80
in males, the sac suspended directly behind the base of the penis that contains the testes.
scrotum
81
individual filtering unit of the kidneys.
nephron
82
inner, thicker portion of the skin that contains structures such as blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands.
dermis
83
inorganic substances that are important for chemical reactions or as building materials in the body.
minerals
84
iron-containing protein molecule in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the body's cells.
hemoglobin
85
experimental steps relating a specific pathogen to a specific disease.
Koch's postulates
86
large blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
veins
87
large, complex organ of the digestive system that produces many chemicals for digestion, including bile.
liver
88
large, thick-walled muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
artery
89
largest blood vessel in the body; transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the arteries.
aorta
90
largest part of the brain, composed of two hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves; controls conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movements, and the senses.
cerebrum
91
last part of the digestive system through which feces passes before it exits the body through the anus.
rectum
92
liquid composed of wastes that is filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the urinary bladder, and eliminated through the urethra.
urine
93
lower end of the uterus that tapers to a narrow opening into the vagina.
cervix
94
microscopic blood vessels with walls only one cell thick that allow diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and surrounding tissues.
capillaries
95
muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; moves food by peristalsis.
esophagus
96
muscular, pouchlike enlargement of the digestive tract where chemical and physical digestion take place.
stomach
97
newly formed bone cells
osteocytes
98
occurs when many people in a given area are afflicted with the same disease at about the same time.
epidemic
99
organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism; are either fat-soluble or fat-insoluble vitamins.
vitamins
100
organs of the vertebrate urinary system; remove wastes, control sodium levels of the blood, and regulate blood pH levels.
kidneys
101
physiological and physical changes a female goes through during the birthing process.
labor
102
pigment found in cells of the interior layer of the epidermis; protects cells from solar-radiation damage.
melanin
103
point where two or more bones meet; can be fixed or facilitate movement of bones in relation to one another.
joints
104
portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems, and controls the pituitary gland by sending messages to the pituitary, which then releases its own chemicals.
hypothalamus
105
potential boneforming cells that secrete collagen in which minerals in the bloodstream can be deposited.
osteoblasts
106
protein found in the exterior portion of the epidermis that helps protect living cells in the interior epidermis.
keratin
107
proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that react with and disable antigens.
antibodies
108
psychological and/or physiological drug dependence.
addiction
109
psychological response or physiological illness that occurs when a person stops taking a drug.
withdrawal
110
rear portion of the brain; controls balance, posture and coordination.
cerebellum
111
recepor cells in the retina that are adapted for vision in dim light; also help detect shape and movement.
rods
112
sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the air.
alveoli
113
series of involuntary smooth muscle contractions along the walls of the digestive tract that move food through the digestive tract.
peristalsis
114
single projection on th elining of the small intestine that functions in the absorption of digested food; they increase the surface area of the small intestine and increase the absorption rate.
villus
115
small cell fragments in the blood that help blood clot after an injury.
platelets
116
small organ that stores bile fefore the bile passes into the duodenum of the small intestine.
gallbladder
117
snail-shaped structure in the inner ear containing fluid and hairs; produces electric impulses that the brain interprets as sound.
cochlea
118
soft, flattened gland that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones; products help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
pancreas
119
structural protein in muscle cells that makes up the thin filaments of myofibrils; functions in muscle contraction.
actin
120
structural protein that makes up the thick filaments of myofibrils; functions in muscle contraction.
myosin
121
substance consisting of weakened, dead, or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens that produce an immune response when injected into the body.
vaccine
122
substances produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of other microorganisms.
antibiotics
123
surge of blood through an artery that can be felt on the surface of the body.
pulse
124
lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and processed in the thymus that plays a role in immunity.
T-cell
125
thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.
tendons
126
thin layer of tissue found at the back of the eye made up of light receptors and sensory neurons.
retina
127
tiny space between one neuron's axon and another neuron's dendrites over which a nerve impulse must pass.
synapse
128
tissue fluids composed of water and dissolved substances from the blood that have collected and entered the lymph vessels.
lymph
129
tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; joints are often held together and enclosed by ligaments.
ligament
130
tube that transports urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
ureter
131
tube through which urine is passed from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urethra
132
tublike passageway for air flow that connects with two bronchi tubes that lead into the lungs.
trachea
133
two lower chanbers of the mammalian heart; receive blood from the atria and send it to the lungs and body.
ventricles
134
two upper chambers of the mammalian hear through which blood enters.
atria
135
type of drug that lowers or depresses the activity of the nervous system.
depressant
136
type of pain-relief drug that affects the central nervous system.
narcotic
137
type of phagocyte that engulfs damaged cells or pathogens that have entered the body's tissues.
macrophages
138
type of white blood cell stored in lymph nodes that defends the body against foreign agents.
lymphocyte
139
unit of heat to measuer the energy content of food, each Calorie represents a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories; a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1? C.
Calorie
140
unit of muscle fibers composed of thick myosin protein filaments and thin actin protein filaments.
myofibril
141
white blood cells that destroy pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them; include macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.
phagocytes
