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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

smooth muscle bag that stores urine until it is expelled from the body.

A

urinary bladder

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2
Q

large, nucleated blood cells that play a major role in protecting the body from foreign substances and microscopic organisms.

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

round, disk-shaped cells in the blood that carry oxygen to body cells; make up 44 percent of the total volume of the blood.

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

layer of protective hard bone tissue surrounding every bone; composed of repeating units of osteon systems.

A

compact bone

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5
Q

soft bone containing many holes and spaces surrounded by a layer of more dense compact bone.

A

spongy bone

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6
Q

sensory receptors located on the tongue that result in taste perception.

A

taste buds

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7
Q

structures in the inner ear containing fluid and hairs that help the body maintain balance.

A

semicircular canals

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8
Q

two large veins that fill the right atrium of the mammalian heart with oxygen-poor blood from the head and body.

A

venae cavae

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9
Q

cells that have receptors on their plasma membranes or in their nuclei for specific endocrine hormones.

A

target cells

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10
Q

ropelike structure that attaches the embryo to the wall of the uterus; supplies a developing embryo with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products.

A

umbilical cord

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11
Q

in human females, the montly cycle that includes the production of an egg, the preparation of the uterus to receive an egg, and the shedding of an egg if it remains unfertilized.

A

menstrual cycle

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12
Q

in males, duct that transports sperm from the epididymis towards the ejaculatory ducts of the uretha.

A

vas deferens

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13
Q

any disease caused by pathogens in the body.

A

infectious disease

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14
Q

disease that is constantly present in a population.

A

endemic disease

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15
Q

internal feedback mechanism in which a substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce production of a substance.

A

negative feedback system

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16
Q

theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction while the myosin filaments do not move.

A

sliding filament theory

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17
Q

fluid that bathes the cells of the body; formed when water and dissolved substances diffuse from the blood into the spaces between the cells that make up the surrounding tissues.

A

tissue fluid

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18
Q

gland located in the neck; regulates metabolism, growth, and development.

A

thyroid gland

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19
Q

in human males, single gland that lies below the bladder and surrounds the top portion of the urethra; secretes a thin, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move and survive.

A

prostate gland

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20
Q

main gland of the endocrine system that controls many other endocrine glands.

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

glands located beneath the prostrate that secrete a clear, sticky, alkaline fluid that protects sperm by neutralizing the acidic environment of the vagina.

A

bulbourethral glands

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22
Q

pair of glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete hormones, such as adrenaline, that prepare the body for stressful situations.

A

adrenal glands

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23
Q

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in the regulation of minerals in the body.

A

parathyroid glands

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24
Q

series of ductless glands tht make up the endocrine system; release chemicals directly into the bloodstream where they relay messages to other parts of the body.

A

endocrine glands

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25
Q

body’s earliest lines of defense agains any and all pathogens; includes skin and body secretions, inflammation of body tissues, and phagocytosis of pathogens.

A

innate immunity

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26
Q

gradual build-up of resistance to a specific pathogen over time.

A

acquired immunity

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27
Q

muscular tube about 6 m long where digestion is completed; connects the stomach and the large intestine.

A

small intestine

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28
Q

muscular tube through which indigestible materials are passed to the rectum for excretion.

A

large intestine

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29
Q

part of an ovarian follicle that remains in the ovary after ovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone.

A

corpus luteum

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30
Q

marrow composed of stored fats found in many bones.

A

yellow marrow

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31
Q

marrow found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

A

red marrow

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32
Q

a type of voluntary muscle that is attached to and moves the bones of the skeleton.

A

skeletal muscle

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33
Q

muscle in which contractions are not under conscious control.

A

involuntary muscle

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34
Q

muscle that contracts under conscious control.

A

voluntary muscle

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35
Q

type of involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels; most common function is to squeeze exerting pressure inside the tube or organ it surrounds.

A

smooth muscle

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36
Q

type of involuntary muscle found only in the heart; composed of interconnected cardiac muscle fibers; adapted to generate and conduct electrical impulses for muscle contraction.

A

cardiac muscle

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37
Q

division of the automatci nervous system that controls many of the body’s internal functions when the body is at rest.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

division of the automatic nervous system that controls many of the body’s internal functions during times of stress.

A

sympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

division of the nervous system made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.

A

peripheral nervous system

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40
Q

in humans, portion of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to internal organs; produces involuntary responses.

A

automatic nervous system

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41
Q

in humans, the central control center of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

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42
Q

portion of the nervous system composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and all of their branches.

A

somatic nervous system

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43
Q

small mass of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph; made of a netwoark of connective tissue that contain lymphocytes.

A

lymph node

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44
Q

part of the brain stem that controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate.

A

medulla oblongata

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45
Q

force that blood exerts on blood vessels; rises and falls as the heart contracts and relaxes.

A

blood pressure

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46
Q

one of two main parts of the human skeleton, includes the bones of the arms and legs and associated structures, such as the shoulders and hip bones.

A

appendicular skeleton

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47
Q

one of two main parts of the human skeleton, includes the skull and the bones that support it, such as the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

A

axial skeleton

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48
Q

in males, pair of glands located at the base of the urinary bladder that secrete a mucouslike fluid into the vas deferens.

A

seminal vesicles

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49
Q

a single cytoplasmic extension of a neuron; carries impulses away from a nerve cell.

A

axon

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50
Q

as the body becomes less responsive to a drug and an individual needs larger or more frequent doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.

A

tolerance

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51
Q

automatic response to a stimulus; reflex stimulus travels to the spinal column and sent directly back to the muscle.

A

reflex

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52
Q

a lymphocyte that, when activated by a T cell becomes a plasma cell and produces antibodies.

A

B-cell

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53
Q

basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system; conducts impulses throughout the nervous system; composed of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.

A

neurons

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54
Q

binding sites on target cells that bind with specific hormones.

A

receptors

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55
Q

branchlike extension of a neuron; transports impulses toward the cell body.

A

dendrite

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56
Q

chemical substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats during digestion.

A

bile

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57
Q

chemical substance that affects body functions.

A

drug

58
Q

chemicals released from an axon that diffuse across a synapse to the next neuron’s dendrites to initiate a new impulse.

A

neurotransmitters

59
Q

collection of dead macrophages and body fluids that forms in infected tissues.

A

pus

60
Q

combination of sperm and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

A

semen

61
Q

digestive enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juices; breaks starches into smaller molecules such as disaccharides and monosaccharides.

A

amylase

62
Q

disease-producing agents such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites.

A

pathogens

63
Q

drug that increases the activity of the central and sympathetic nervous systems.

A

stimulant

64
Q

drug that stimulates the central nervous system so that the user becomes disoriented and sees, hears, feels, tastes, or smells things that are not there.

A

hallucinogen

65
Q

each section of a myofibril in muscle.

A

sarcomere

66
Q

enzyme found in gastric juices; begins the chemical digestion of proteins in food; most effective in acidic environments.

A

pepsin

67
Q

flap of cartilage that closes over the opening of the respiratory tract during swallowing; prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.

A

epiglottis

68
Q

fluid portion of the blood that makes up about 55 percent of the total volume of the blood; contains red and white blood cells.

A

plasma

69
Q

fluid-filled sac located between the bones that absorb shock and keep bones from rubbing against each other.

A

bursa

70
Q

foreign substances that stimulate an immune response in the body.

A

antigens

71
Q

group of plant hormones that promote cell elongation.

A

auxins

72
Q

host-cell specific proteins that protect cells from viruses.

A

interferons

73
Q

in females, the attachment of a blastocyst to the lining of the uterus.

A

implantation

74
Q

in females, the process of an egg rupturing through the ovary wall and moving into the oviduct.

A

ovulation

75
Q

in females, the tube that transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus.

A

oviduct

76
Q

in human females, group of epithelial cells that surround a developing egg cells.

A

follicle

77
Q

in human males, the coiled tube within the scrotum in which the sperm complete maturation.

A

epididymis

78
Q

in humans and some other animals, the outermost protective layer composed of an outer layer of dead cells and an inner layer of living cells.

A

epidermis

79
Q

in humans, the period when secondary sex characteristics begin to appear; changes are controlled by sex hormones secreted by the endocrine system.

A

puberty

80
Q

in males, the sac suspended directly behind the base of the penis that contains the testes.

A

scrotum

81
Q

individual filtering unit of the kidneys.

A

nephron

82
Q

inner, thicker portion of the skin that contains structures such as blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands.

A

dermis

83
Q

inorganic substances that are important for chemical reactions or as building materials in the body.

A

minerals

84
Q

iron-containing protein molecule in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the body’s cells.

A

hemoglobin

85
Q

experimental steps relating a specific pathogen to a specific disease.

A

Koch’s postulates

86
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

A

veins

87
Q

large, complex organ of the digestive system that produces many chemicals for digestion, including bile.

A

liver

88
Q

large, thick-walled muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

artery

89
Q

largest blood vessel in the body; transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the arteries.

A

aorta

90
Q

largest part of the brain, composed of two hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves; controls conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movements, and the senses.

A

cerebrum

91
Q

last part of the digestive system through which feces passes before it exits the body through the anus.

A

rectum

92
Q

liquid composed of wastes that is filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the urinary bladder, and eliminated through the urethra.

A

urine

93
Q

lower end of the uterus that tapers to a narrow opening into the vagina.

A

cervix

94
Q

microscopic blood vessels with walls only one cell thick that allow diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and surrounding tissues.

A

capillaries

95
Q

muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; moves food by peristalsis.

A

esophagus

96
Q

muscular, pouchlike enlargement of the digestive tract where chemical and physical digestion take place.

A

stomach

97
Q

newly formed bone cells

A

osteocytes

98
Q

occurs when many people in a given area are afflicted with the same disease at about the same time.

A

epidemic

99
Q

organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism; are either fat-soluble or fat-insoluble vitamins.

A

vitamins

100
Q

organs of the vertebrate urinary system; remove wastes, control sodium levels of the blood, and regulate blood pH levels.

A

kidneys

101
Q

physiological and physical changes a female goes through during the birthing process.

A

labor

102
Q

pigment found in cells of the interior layer of the epidermis; protects cells from solar-radiation damage.

A

melanin

103
Q

point where two or more bones meet; can be fixed or facilitate movement of bones in relation to one another.

A

joints

104
Q

portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems, and controls the pituitary gland by sending messages to the pituitary, which then releases its own chemicals.

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

potential boneforming cells that secrete collagen in which minerals in the bloodstream can be deposited.

A

osteoblasts

106
Q

protein found in the exterior portion of the epidermis that helps protect living cells in the interior epidermis.

A

keratin

107
Q

proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that react with and disable antigens.

A

antibodies

108
Q

psychological and/or physiological drug dependence.

A

addiction

109
Q

psychological response or physiological illness that occurs when a person stops taking a drug.

A

withdrawal

110
Q

rear portion of the brain; controls balance, posture and coordination.

A

cerebellum

111
Q

recepor cells in the retina that are adapted for vision in dim light; also help detect shape and movement.

A

rods

112
Q

sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the air.

A

alveoli

113
Q

series of involuntary smooth muscle contractions along the walls of the digestive tract that move food through the digestive tract.

A

peristalsis

114
Q

single projection on th elining of the small intestine that functions in the absorption of digested food; they increase the surface area of the small intestine and increase the absorption rate.

A

villus

115
Q

small cell fragments in the blood that help blood clot after an injury.

A

platelets

116
Q

small organ that stores bile fefore the bile passes into the duodenum of the small intestine.

A

gallbladder

117
Q

snail-shaped structure in the inner ear containing fluid and hairs; produces electric impulses that the brain interprets as sound.

A

cochlea

118
Q

soft, flattened gland that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones; products help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

A

pancreas

119
Q

structural protein in muscle cells that makes up the thin filaments of myofibrils; functions in muscle contraction.

A

actin

120
Q

structural protein that makes up the thick filaments of myofibrils; functions in muscle contraction.

A

myosin

121
Q

substance consisting of weakened, dead, or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens that produce an immune response when injected into the body.

A

vaccine

122
Q

substances produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of other microorganisms.

A

antibiotics

123
Q

surge of blood through an artery that can be felt on the surface of the body.

A

pulse

124
Q

lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and processed in the thymus that plays a role in immunity.

A

T-cell

125
Q

thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.

A

tendons

126
Q

thin layer of tissue found at the back of the eye made up of light receptors and sensory neurons.

A

retina

127
Q

tiny space between one neuron’s axon and another neuron’s dendrites over which a nerve impulse must pass.

A

synapse

128
Q

tissue fluids composed of water and dissolved substances from the blood that have collected and entered the lymph vessels.

A

lymph

129
Q

tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; joints are often held together and enclosed by ligaments.

A

ligament

130
Q

tube that transports urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.

A

ureter

131
Q

tube through which urine is passed from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

A

urethra

132
Q

tublike passageway for air flow that connects with two bronchi tubes that lead into the lungs.

A

trachea

133
Q

two lower chanbers of the mammalian heart; receive blood from the atria and send it to the lungs and body.

A

ventricles

134
Q

two upper chambers of the mammalian hear through which blood enters.

A

atria

135
Q

type of drug that lowers or depresses the activity of the nervous system.

A

depressant

136
Q

type of pain-relief drug that affects the central nervous system.

A

narcotic

137
Q

type of phagocyte that engulfs damaged cells or pathogens that have entered the body’s tissues.

A

macrophages

138
Q

type of white blood cell stored in lymph nodes that defends the body against foreign agents.

A

lymphocyte

139
Q

unit of heat to measuer the energy content of food, each Calorie represents a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories; a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1? C.

A

Calorie

140
Q

unit of muscle fibers composed of thick myosin protein filaments and thin actin protein filaments.

A

myofibril

141
Q

white blood cells that destroy pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them; include macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.

A

phagocytes

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