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FGASA > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Sections of a tree trunk

A

1 bark
Epidemis: dead outer bark, protective layer
Phloem: inner bark, carries sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant

2 cambium
Vascular layer, initiates plant growth

3 sapwood / Xylem: carries nutrients and water from the root to the leaves

4 heartwood
-non living

5 growth rings

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2
Q

Parts of a flower

A

1 stigma (Narbe)
2 anther ( Staubbeutel)
3 Style (Griffel)
4 filament (Staubfaden)
5 petal (Blütenblatt)
6 ovary (Fruchtknoten)
7 ovule ( Samenanlage)
8 sepal (Kelchblatt)
9 peduncle

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3
Q

Leaf and twig

A

1 leaf blade
2 veins
3 internode
4 node
5 branch
6 petiole
7 stipule
8 stomata
9 cubical cells

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4
Q

Parts of a grass plant

A

1 rachis
2 spikelet
3 inflorescence
4 peduncle
5 internode
6 culm
7 leaf
8 stolon
9 rhizome
10 roots
11 culm
12 leaf sheath
13 leaf blade
14 ligule

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5
Q

Female and male parts of a flower

A

Female: PISTIL stigma, style, ovary and ovule)

Male: STAMEN ( anther / pollen and filament)

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6
Q

Dioecious plants

A

Produce female and male plants
Relying on birds and insects act as pollinators
Marula

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7
Q

Sweetvelt

A

Frost free, low lying areas
alcaline, fertile soil
Low rainfall 250-500mm/a
Mainly palatable
Sensitive to overgrazing
Recovers faster than sourvelt after disturbance
Retain there nutrients in the leaves in winter

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8
Q

Sourvelt

A

High rainfall about 650mm/a
Cold winters, frost
Open, high lying areas
Leached out soils, low pH, acidic
Palatable in growing season,
cold winters unpalatable ( nutrients in the roofs)
Light over-grazing is tolerated, but slow recovery

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9
Q

Fire in the grassland

A

pro:
After years of under-utilisation grasses and plants die and make the way free for less-palatable increaser 1 grasses and invader shrubs and trees. Fire could block that process and providing emergence of palatable grasses.

contra: fires in winter month do not only disturb roots of palatable grasses it also destroys the seed bank for the following season

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10
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Ferns, whisk ferns, club-mosses
flower-, seedless
Spores: egg and sperm cell within a prothallus
Sperm fertilize the ovary to allow the prothallus to grow in a new plant
Vascular (xylem and phloem)
Stems below ground
Tracheophytes (vascular tissues to transport foot and water)

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11
Q

Monocotyledon/ Monocots

A

-Single cotyledon ( Keimblatt)/ seed leaf
-Stores nutrients and supplies them to the developing embryo
-parallel venation
-flowering parts in multiples of three
- many of them are bulbs (Zwiebel/Knollen)
-grasses, palm trees, lilies, orchids

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12
Q

Dicotyledon / dicots

A

-Two-leaved seeds
-net venation
- flowering parts multiples of 4 or 5
-medium to large trees and shrubs of the Delta
Flowers like daisies, vlei ink flower

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13
Q

Roots of plants

A

TAP ROOTS
-penetrate deep in the soil
-continuation of the trunk
-provide support in unstable soil
-access to water deep below surface

FIBROUS ROOTS
-grasses and smaller plants

ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS
-shallow dense network of thin roots
- massive of absorptive hairs
-close to surface

BUTTRESS/ ARIAL PROP ROOTS
(Brett-/Stützwurzeln)
Mangroves

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14
Q

Thorns

A

Modified leaves
Protect against browsing
Hooked or straight
Sharp but weaker than spines
Not able to grow leaves out

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15
Q

Spines

A

Modified stems
Protecting against over-browsing
Leaves or side-branches can grow on spines
Leadwood trees

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16
Q

Protective Mechanisms

A

TANNINS
-constantly circulating around cambium layer
-can increase rapidely in response to excess browsing
-inhibits or prevents digestion

PHEROMONE
-released when tannin levels increase dramatically and drifts into the breeze —> detected by other plants which increase their own tannin level (=jasmonating)

POISONS
to deter herbivores from eating their leaves and branches

SPINES & THORNS

Growing beneath the soil, only showing their leaves above

Growing tall to reach sunlight and be out of reach for browser

Grow in water or on steep slopes to be inaccessible for browsers

Hedging- stiff branches prevent that the head of an animal reaches the leaves

ALLELOPATHY
Fallen leaves release chemicals into the soil to discourage competition from other plants (e.g. large fever berry)

17
Q

Categories of grasses

A

INCREASER 1 grasses
-increase during periods of under-utilisation
-unpalatable
-high lignin-content
-Giant Spear Grass

INCREASER 2
-increase during over-utilisation
-lower rainfall areas
-Tassel Three-awn
Curly-leaf Love-grass

DECREASER
-decrease during overgrazing
-palatable
-good belt conditions
-Red Grass, Finger Grass

VARIABLE
-non of the other groups
-depending upon the rainfall
-no reaction on grazing
-Spear Grass
The

FGASA (12 decks)

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