Plants Flashcards
What are the three types of meristematic cells?
Apical meristems, Intercalary meristems, lateral meristems.
Import plant ones from grade 10
What are guard cells?
Control opening and closing of the stomata which allow gas exchange.
What are trichomes?
Fuzzy growths on surface. Epidermal tissue. Keep plant cool by reducing evaporation- holding on to water.
Root hairs?
Epidermal tissue. Tiny hair like extension of individual epidermal cells on plant roots. Increases surface area and therefore water and nutrient absorption.
What do intercalary meristems do?
Promote growth between nodes (kind of stretch the shoot).
What are apical meristems?
Differentiate and grow the plant from the tips of the roots and shoots. Grows new nodes.
What are lateral meristems.
Grows the thickness of the plant.
What is the root cap?
A covering on the tip of the root made of parenchyma cells to protect growing tissues.
What is the root cortex?
Region under epidermis made of parenchyma cells which store carbs and help transport water from epidermis to xylem.
What is the endodermis?
Wraps around the vascular cylinder.
What is a monocot?
Seed embryos have one leaf.
Xylem is around edges in circle pattern in monocot roots. Phloem cells surround these xylem in rings.
Is monocot stems the vascular bundles are distributed around the cross section randomly.
What is a dicot?
Produce seed embryos which have 2 leaves. In root, Xylem in x formation. Phloem between each arm of x.
In stem, ring of vascular bundles with inside being xylem outside phloem and vascular cambium of meristematic tissue in between
What is the zone of elongation? Where is it?
It is where cells are growing and stretching. Between apical meristem and zone of maturation.
What’s the zone of maturation/differenciation? Where?
Where newly formed cells mature and differentiate. Before the zone of elongation.
What is the vascular Cambium?
Located in dicot stems between the phloem on the outside and the xylem in the inside. A layer of meristematic deviding cells.
Where are vascular bundles in roots?
Xylem are in a circle pattern in monocots, in an x in dicots. Phloem surround these.
Where are vascular bundles in stems?
Randomly dispersed in monocots, around the edges in dicots (until growth then xylem and phloem split)
What is heartwood?
Dead, compressed xylem cells at centre of trunk.
What is sapwood?
Layers between heartwood(center) and vascular cambrium. Living functioning xylem. Softer lighter colour.
In trees, how does seasons affect where the sink is in trees?
In the Summer the sink for glucose is in the leaves where it’s being made from photosynthesis. In the Winter, the sink is in the roots. Where its stored to keep the tree alive through the winter.
What kind of turgor pressure do plant cells need to stay healthy?
Hypertonic (more water in than out) making a turgid cell.
What are the three cell pressures and the type of cell they are, as well as what it means.
Hypotonic pressure (less water in than out)- plasmolyzed cell
Isotonic pressure (same amount of water in and out)- Flaccid cell
Hypertonic pressure (more water in than out)- Turgid cell
What do auxins do?
Stimulate cell division and elongation in stems in roots. Regulates expansion based on light and gravity- phototropism and gravitropism.
What do cytokinins do?
Stimulate cell division. prevent aging of leaves
What do gibberellins do?
Stimulate cell ELONGATION
Stimulate seed GERMINAYIOM.
Produced in young shoots and developing seeds
What does ethylene do?
Promotes ripening of fruit
Happens everywhere especially under stress
What is abscisic acid?
Induces and maintains seed dormancy
Inhibits shoot growth.
Closes stomata.
Happens in mature leaves and plants under stress.
What process helps water move from roots to shoots.
Capillarity using adhesion and cohesion after transpiration of water off leaves.
Perfect vs imperfect flower?
Perfect has both male and female sex organs. Imperfect has one or other.
Whorled leaves?
Leafs wrap around stem. Usually many.
Alternate leaves?
Opposite leaves
Opposite leaves
Palmate leaves?
Pinnate leaves
Complete vs incomplete flower?
Complete- all main organs. Pistil, stamen, petals, sepal.
Incomplete- missing some
Inflorescence?
Some group or clustering of flowers from one main stem.
