Diversity And Evolution Ch. 1, 2, 11 Flashcards
What is a phylogeny?
Describes the evolutionary relatedness of different species. Often uses a phylogenic tree.
What is a clade?
A single common ancestor and all its decendents. Also called a monophyletic group.
Is a virus a living thing? What are they?
Viruses are not living organisms and are not part of the tree of life. They do however contain DNA and RNA, and can infect organisms. They can even pass on DNA to organisms and slightly change their DNA.
Name of archea that thrives in heat?
Thermophile
Name of archea that thrives in cold?
Psycrophile
Name of archea that thrives in salty environment?
Halophile
Name of archea that thrives in high pressure deep sea environment?
Piezophile
Name of archea that thrives in Acidic environment?
Acidophile
Name of archea that thrives in basic/alkaline environment?
Alkaliphile
Name of archea that produces methane as a metabolic byproduct?
Methanogen
What is the passing of a virus from one bacteria to another?
Transduction
What is conjugation?
sexual reproduction in bacteria which exchanges DNA
What is transformation?
Picking up of loose DNA in the environment of a bacteria. Often left from dead cells.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
When genes of one species are passed to another due to transformation of loose DNA
What is it called when a bacteria goes dormant and builds wall around DNA?
Endospore
Why are antibiotics and antifungals a thing?
Because one species can use it to kill off another when competing for food.
What are round bacteria called?
Coccus
What are rod shaped bacteria called?
Bacilli
What are spiral shaped bacteria called?
Spirillum
Whats bateria in pairs prefix?
Diplo
Whats bateria in clumps prefix?
Staphlo
Whats bateria in strings prefix?
Strepto
What might be the name of rod shaped bacteria in clumps?
Staphylobacilli
What might be the name of circular bacteria in strings?
Streptococcus
What is an obligate aerobe?
A type of bacteria which requires a high oxygen environment to thrive
What is an obligate anaerobe?
A type of bacteria which cannot live with oxygen present
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A type of bacteria which thrives in oxygen but can survive without oxygen.
What’s the name of the small DNA circles bacteria have?
Plasmids
What did Darwin observe regarding the animal population on remote islands vs on the mainland.
Species on the island were very similar to those on the closest part of mainland, but slightly different. Nowhere else in the world had these species.
What did Lamarck do?
Thought animals who used structures became weaker/stronger, shorter/stretched out. He thought these were inherited to the next gen. He thought giraffes stretched their necks and passed this on.
What did Cuvier do? What idea did he propose?
Observed more complex fossils are only found higher in the surface of the earth. Showed that life evolved from simple organisms.
Proposed catastrophism. Believed catastrophic events caused mass extinction and new created organisms replaced them. This did not explain increasing complexity in fossil record.
What did Lyell do?
Proposed the idea of uniformitarianism. Says that geological change is slow, earth changes by processes, and natural laws that influence these changes are constant.
What is stabilizing selection? What kind of traits does it select for?
Selection that favours intermediate characteristics and reduces populations on the extremes of a trait. It favours middle.
What is Directional selection? What kind of traits does it select for?
Selection that favours extreme characteristics in one direction and reduces populations on the other extreme of a trait. It favours one extreme.
What is Disruptive selection? What kind of traits does it select for?
Selection that favours both extremes of a characteristics and reduces populations in the middle. It favours both extremes. Eg. in Coho salmon, large fish are able to math easier, and very small fish are able to sneak fertilize eggs.
What is sexual selection?
When males compete for females and those who are stronger, brighter, dance better, etc get to mate and have their genes passed on. Often these mating rituals are dangerous and end up exposing them to danger or predators.
Genetic drift?
When allele frequency shifts within a population without selection occurring. It happens by random. Small populations are especially affected.
What is the founder effect?
When small part of the population splits off to form a new isolated population. This can reduce genetic diversity.
What is a bottleneck event.
Starvation, disease, human activities and natural disasters reduce the size of the population. This can reduce genetic diversity greatly.
Whats a homologous structure?
An anatomically similar structure but different function in different species. Evolved together.
Whats an analogous structure?
A structure that performs the same function but is structurally different. Evolved independently.
What is the lytic cycle? Main steps?
Reproduction of a virus by infecting a cell.
Host recognition
Absorption of virus
DNA injection
Phages DNA replication
Synthesis and assembly of new phages
Release of phages- lysis.
What is the lysogenic cycle?
Some viruses go through it after penetration of cell. This is when they put their own DNA onto the DNA of the host cell. This DNA can be dormant for many years until the right trigger happens and they go through the rest of the lytic cycle.
amoebas.
Animal-like protists which have pseudopods (feet-like structures) for movement
Ciliates
Animal like protists with cilia used for motion and sweeping food along cell.
Flagellates
Animal like protists with flagella used for movement.
Sporozoans.
Animal like protists which cannot move independently. Similar to a spore.
Euglenophytes
Plant-like protists which have eyespots.
Chrysophytes
Golden-brown coloured algae- plant like protists
Diatoms?
Plant-like protists thats have a silica shell.
Dinoflagellates?
Plant-like protists which have two flagella
What is embosymbiosis? What are two examples that impacted our current kingdoms?
When one cell absorbs another.
Early eukaryotes absorbed an aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryote which turned to our mitochondria and chloroplasts. Protists absorbing photosynthesizing eukaryote- algae.
What was protists secondary endosymbiosis?
Eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryote and retained to produce food (such as an algae).
Fungus and fungus-like protists are _________trophic
Heterotrophic
What are the root-like filaments of fungi called?
Hyphae
What is the system of hyphae called?
Mycelium
What are the four ways fungus get their nutrients.
Parasitic
Predatory
Mutualistic
Saprobial(decomposers)
How do parasitic fungus get their nutrition?
Absorb nutrients from live cells/ organisms.
How do predatory fungus get their nutrients?
Trap prey in the mycelium.
How do mutualistic fungi get their nutrients
Partnership with plants/protists.
Porifera
Phylum of animals.
Asymmetry body
No body systems except digestive-incomplete
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Cnidaria
Phylum of plant
Eg. jellyfish or coral
Radial symmetry
Nerve net- no brain
Incomplete digestion
Platyhelminthes
Animal phylum
Flat worms
Acoelomate
Cephalization
Hermaphroditic
Incomplete digestion
Nematoda
Animal phyla
Round worms
Pseudocoelomate
No respiratory
Annelida
Earthworms
Coelomate
Segmented
Brain and ventral cord
No respiratory
Close circulatory
Echinodermata
Animal phyla
Starfish sea urchins
Radial symmetry
Gills
Coelomate
What is speciation?
The formation of new species from existing species.
What is microevolution?
The changes of allele frequencies and phenotypic traits within a population and species. Does not cause speciation.
What are behaviour isolating mechanisms.
Impede mating due to species specific signals or behaviours.
Eg. bird mating calls
What is sympatric speciation?
When populations in the same geographic area are incapable of reproduction- becoming reproductively isolated.
What is allopatric speciation?
When a population is split by a geographic barrier.
What is gradualism?
As new species evolve, they appear very similar to the original species. Very slow changes in organisms with many species in between before big changes are seen- eg. the homo genus.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
The process of evolution is slow, but occasionally is punctuated by periods of rapid change. New species evolve rapidly. Happens when big environmental changes happen.
How does speciation happen at a basic level?
Species being isolated reproductively.
Behavioural isolating mechanisms?
Species specific signals or behaviours
Eg. bird mating calls vary by species.
Ecological isolating mechanisms.
Species live in same regions but different habitat
-eg water snakes and grass snakes.
Temporal isolating mechanisms.
Mate or flower at different times.
Mechanical isolating mechanisms
Anatomical incapable of mating. Wrong sex organs.
Genetic isolating mechanisms
Gametes fail to form a zygote- sperm cant fertilize the egg.
What are the criteria for a hybrid to be its own species?
Hybrid must be viable, and fertile.
Hybrid inviability/zygote mortality.
The zygote dies before it can undergo mitosis and grow, or can’t live past development.
Hybrid sterility.
The hybrid offspring is sterile and cants produce normal gametes.
Hybrid breakdown
Offspring of hybrids are sterile or weak- second generation is incapable of viability or reproduction.
Sympatric speciation
Populations live within the same geographical are but become reproductively isolated-
Eg. Mutation in chromosome number of plants- polyploidy
Allopatric speciation
Physical barrier emerges between populations.
Monotremes
Mammals that lay eggs. No teeth.
Platypus, echidnas
Marsupials
Mammals who have live birth with underdeveloped young.
Kangaroos
Koalas
Placental mammals
Live birth with developed young. Canine teeth.
Human, dog, and whale, horse
What is a micro aerophile?
Bacteria that prefers a low oxygen environment, but needs some.
