plants

Question 1

Major two types of plants

Answer 1

Vascular vs Non Vascular

Question 2

Two types of vascular plants

Answer 2

Non-need plants (pteridophytes)
seed plants (tracheophytes)
(two types: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

Question 3

Two types of seed plants

Answer 3

Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants)
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

Question 4

What are two types of angiosperms

Answer 4

1. Monocots (grasses, lillies, irises, etc)
2. Dicots (trees and shrubs, etc)

Question 5

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)

Answer 5

1. Lack true leaves and stems
2. Probably first plants to develop on Earth
3. No specialized tissues for transports
4. Usually small, found in moist areas

Question 6

Tracheotypes (vascular plants) (2 features)

Answer 6

1.Have specialized tissues for transport
2. Allowed them to spread out and colonized land

Question 7

Non-seed plants (Pteridophytes: ferns, horsetails, club, etc)

Answer 7

Produces spores for production, this requires a moist environment

Question 8

Seed plants- Gymnosperms (cone-bearing: pine, spruce, etc)

Answer 8

“Naked seeds” - Mature seeds are not enclosed in an ovary

Example: Pine cone

Question 9

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Answer 9

1. Very diverse, They make 96% of tracheotypes
2. Seeds are enclosed by an ovary

example: fruits, the seeds are enclosed by a layer of fruit

Question 10

What’s an endosperm?

Answer 10

It’s a large area inside the seed which is as a source of reserve material and food for the developing embryo

Question 11

What is a cotyledon?

Answer 11

The first leave to emerge from a developing seed
(monocots = 1 cotyledon)
(Dicots = 2 cotyledons)

for bean seeds it stores nutrients. The function of Cotyledons is to store food for the growing embryo.

Question 12

What is a radicle?

Answer 12

The part of the seat that would become the root (Grows downward)

Question 13

What is and Function of a coleoptile?

Answer 13

A sheath that encloses the shoot of the embryo

To provide protection to the developing shoot as it is passing through the soil

Question 14

Monocot and dicot flower petals numbers

Answer 14

Monocots have flower parts that occur in 3’s (3,6,9)

Dicots have petal numbers in 4/5’s

Question 15

monocot versus dicot

Answer 15

monocot: 1 cotyledon, Parallel veins leaves, Vascular bundles scattered, Fibrous roots, floral parts in multiples of 3s

Dicots: two cotyledons, net-like veins, Vascular bundles arranged in a ring, Taproots, florals in multiples of 4 to 5

Question 16

4 types of plant tissues

Answer 16

1. meristematic tissue
2. Dermal tissue
3. Vascular tissue
4. Ground tissue

Question 17

Meristematic tissue function

Answer 17

Contains undifferentiated tissue that divides and differentiates into specialized cells

Basically their primary function is growth and development( into new specialized cells)

Question 18

Dermal tissue + function

Answer 18

Outermost layer of plant which covers and protects the plant (epidermis)

In plants with secondary growth, Periderm is found below the epidermis

Function: To protect against an injury , herbivores, water loss
Control what comes in and out of plants such as water, CO2 and O2

Question 19

What is Vascular tissue

Answer 19

It’s the transport system that moves minerals, water and other counts around the plant

There’s two types
Xylem: Transports, food, water and dissolved minerals up from roots
Phloem: Transport Solutions of sugar produced by photosynthesis

Question 20

What is ground tissues?

Answer 20

1. Forms the bulk of the plant
2. Has has wide variety of functions
   i. Provide structural support
   ii. Chemical reactions (photosynthesis)
   iii. Storage

Question 21

What are the three cell types?

Answer 21

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

Question 22

Parenchyma

Answer 22

Thin walled cells living at maturity

Involved in cellular processes to support Growth and development

Stores carbohydrates

Question 23

Collenchyma

Answer 23

Thick wall cells living at maturity

Involved in cellular processes to support growth and development

Support and protective plant

Question 24

Sclerenchyma

Answer 24

Cells with lignin in cell walls; Often dead in maturity

Support and Protect the plant

Question 25

Important biomolecules

Answer 25

i. Cellulose: A polymer composed of glucose a. Important structural molecule in cell wall ii. Lignen; A complex polymer that strengthens cell walls a. It is a hydrophobic and plays an important role in water transport b. Second most abundant plant polymer after cellulose

Question 26

Compare and contrast the lumen and cell walls of the xylem and phloem

Answer 26

xylem: thick-walled cell wall Empty Center, larger lumen centre Phloem: Thin-walled cell wall empty centre, smaller lumen centre

Question 27

What type of cell is a root hair? State the functions of this type of cell

Answer 27

A root hair is an epidermal cell. These root hairs play an important role in the absorption of water and dissolved minerals

Question 28

What is the function of cambian in a woody stem?

Answer 28

Cambian is producing new xylem and new phloem

Question 29

What does the xylem form in woody stems?

Answer 29

It forms the woody parts of the tree

Question 30

Which part of the leaf does photosynthesis occur? type of tissue?

Answer 30

The spongy layer has chloroplasts p photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts Ground tissue of a leaf

Question 31

What is the function of stoma and how do they control the rate of photosynthesis and regulate water loss?

Answer 31

It regulates gas exchange between plants and the environment and control water loss Because how it's wide open it allows water, O2, and Co2 to move freely in and out of the leaf

Question 32

Water day summary

Answer 32

1. water is partially charged 2. Water interacts with itself 3. Water Interact surfaces around it

Question 33

four key conditions that affect transpiration

Answer 33

i Light intensity: More light equals more stomata to open which means there's more surface area for evaporation. ii. Temperature: More heat = More kinetic energy = moving molecules faster = more evaporation iii. humidity: more humidity = more water vapour in air = more outside than in leaf = reduces water potential gradient iv. Wind: more wind = blows away humid air containing wayer vapour = more water vapour in leaf = maintaining the water potential= more transportation

Question 34

Movement of water up the xylem

Answer 34

1. Water vapor evaporates out of stomata on leaves, the loss in water periods creates a lower pressure 2. When this water is lost by Transpiration more water is pulled up to the xylem to replace it 3. Due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules, they are cohesive. This creates a column of water within the xylem 4. Water molecules also adhere to the walls of the xylem. This helps build the water cohesion upwards 5. As column of water is pulled up by the time it creates tension, pulling the xylem to be narrower

Question 35

What's cohesion and Adhesion

Answer 35

Cohesion is when the water sticks together As it travels up the xylem as a column adhesion is when water sticks to other molecules. Therefore it sticks to xylem walls

Question 36

Companion cells function

Answer 36

i. Keeps the sieve tube alive ( Provides nutrients) ii. Contains many mitochondria ( Provides energy for a translocation)

Question 37

Two most important Functions of phloem (translocation)

Answer 37

i. Transports water and food And the movement is in two ways ii. Movement of sap is mediated by hydrostatic pressure from xylem

Question 38

Translocation process ...

Answer 38

i. Because of osmotic pressure, xylem supplies water needed to dissolve substances in phloem. (water + sucrose in sieve tube) ii. It involves companion cells, a source and a sink

Question 39

Plants still need energy, but the energy is often stored away from the leaves. How do plants live through night?

Answer 39

1. Is tomorrow close, so Transpiration stops. 2. Wake me up in Sucrose is actively transported into the companion and sieve cells, Increasing osmotic pressure (hypertonic) 3. Water moves into phloem from xylem to minimize osmotic pressure Forcing solution to rise. 4. Sucrose diffuses out of sieve and companion cells, into areas requiring energy decreasing osmotic pressure (hypotonic). 5. Water moves back into xylem.

Question 40

stem primary role

Answer 40

photosynthesis

Question 41

stems (primary role)

Answer 41

primary role is support and transport. often involved in asexual reproduction mau photosynthesize

Question 42

roots: primary role + two main types

Answer 42

1. taproot 2. fibrous root anchor plant, absorb and transport nutrients and water storage of products produced by photosynthesis maximize absorption by increasing external SA through use of root hairs

Question 43

Why do plants need dermal tissue?

Answer 43

It contains the epidermis which is the outermost layer of plant covers and protects plants. It protects the plant against injury, herbivores, and water loss. And it also controls what comes in and out of the plants such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The outermost layer of the epidermis is made up of cells that are tightly packed together and covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle. This cuticle helps to prevent water loss from the seed, which is important for the survival of the plant. the cuticle can help to protect the plant from harmful UV radiation.

Question 44

Why do plants need meristematic tissue? (define then explain)

Answer 44

the meristematic tissue contains undifferentiated tissue that can divide and differentiate into specialized cells that will form tissues. Meristematic tissue is important because it allows the plant to keep growing and developing throughout its life. This tissue is responsible for producing different parts of the plant, such as the leaves and stem.

Question 45

Why do plants need vascular tissues? (define then explain)

Answer 45

Vascular tissue is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. It is a complex system of specialized cells that form tubes or channels which move materials around the plant. This transport system is vital for plant development and survival. Without it, plants would not be able to grow or reproduce.

Question 46

Osmosis basics

Answer 46

If the amount of solutes on one side of a semi-permeable membrane is higher than the other side, water will move towards the side with the most solute

Question 47

4 key requirements for plant growth and survival

Answer 47

1. Nutrients 2. Light - Visible light spectrum 3. Water 4. Temperature

Question 48

PMAT process (mitosis and meiosis BUT they are slightly different!! just basics r mentioned)

Answer 48

Interphase- duplicating DNA (growth, Dna replication, cell functions) Prophase- Packed into chromosomes Metaphase - aligned on the equator (Middle) Anaphase: pull Away, apart as spindles Telophase: new nuclei are formed into Two different parts Cytokinesis: Cell forms

Question 49

purpose: Mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 49

Purpose: Meiosis: The purpose of meiosis is the production of gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction. It occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually and leads to the formation of genetically diverse offspring. Mitosis: The purpose of mitosis is growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It occurs in both multicellular and unicellular organisms and results in the formation of genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 50

# of divisions: Meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 50

Number of Divisions: Meiosis: Meiosis involves two successive divisions, referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells. Mitosis: Mitosis involves a single division, resulting in the formation of two diploid daughter cells.

Question 51

Occurrence: meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 51

Occurrence: Meiosis: Meiosis occurs in specialized cells called germ cells or gametocytes, which are found in the reproductive organs of organisms. Mitosis: Mitosis occurs in various somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) throughout the body, contributing to growth, development, and tissue repair.