Organelles Flashcards

Question

Prokaryote Reproduction

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archae reproduce Asexually through Binary Fission i. Cell replicates genetic material ii. genetic material separates to opposite poles iii. Cross-wall forms iv. Daughter cell forms

Answer 2

Exchange of Genetic Material through either of these 3 1. Conjugation: Genetic transfer through cell-to-cell contact between bacterial cells 2. transduction: Genetic transfer from a bacterial cell to another through a VIRUS 3. Transformation: genetic information (DNA) from the environment that is then incorporated into bacterial DNA

Answer 3

Shapes - Cocci: circular or spherical in shape -Bacilli: Rod shaped -Spirilla: corkscrew shaped Configuration Strepto - Chain-like Staphylo - clumped together Gram Stain -Based on amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall/ membrane

Answer 4

Shapes - Cocci: circular or spherical in shape -Bacilli: Rod shaped -Spirilla: corkscrew shaped Configuration Strepto - Chain-like Staphylo - clumped together Gram Stain -Based on amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall/ membrane - Gram positive: blue or purple in colour.a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which allows them to retain the stain - Gram negative: pink or red in colour. a thinner cell wall/membrane

Answer 5

antibacterial agent that interferes with specific processes essential for Bacterial growth and reproduction. Ex: prevent building or repairing of cell wall and/or membrane, disrupt production of RNA or DNA antibiotic resistance can be spread through the 3 methods of genetic exchange

Answer 6

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL - Describing the structure of cell membranes 6 Made up of a fluid, flexible bilayer of lipids (fats) with embedded proteins (3) that can move around & change a positions within the membrane "Mosaic" refers to the fact that the membrane is made up of different types of molecules like lipids, proteins & carbohydrates; arranged to look like a mosaic "Fluid" refers to the fact that the molecules in the membrane are constantly moving & changing position, which allows the membrane to be Flexible & responsive to changes in the environment. overall helps us understand the dynamic nature of cell membrane & how they play a crucial role in regulating the movement of moles in & out of the cell

Answer 7

Endosymbiotic theory---- The theory that a simple prokaryotic cell evolved to explain how chloroplasts & mitochondria become arganelles. Evidence double membrane: evidence that ancient bacteria engulfed cell membrane. Reproduction - because how mitochondria & chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently on their own suggests that they were separate cells before Their Own DNA & Ribosomes - suggests that they were once free prokaryotic cells.

Answer 8

1. lots of germs, few are drug resistant 2. antibiotics kill bacteria causing the illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the body from the infection. 3. the drug resistant bacteria continue to exist. 4. some bacteria give out their drug-resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems (more resistant-bacteria to exist)

Answer 9

Binary fission is a very rapid process, with some bacteria able to undergo several rounds of division per hour under favorable conditions. The rapid rate of binary fission allows bacteria to quickly increase their population size and adapt to changing environments. However, since binary fission involves the creation of identical copies of the original cell, it does not generate genetic diversity on its own.

Answer 10

Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis. It turns food into energy for the cell, uses oxygen & break down glucose into ATP. glucose + Oxygen = CO2 + H2O + ATP & Energy The energy is released the phosphate bands are broken, and the energy is used to add a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP. photosynthesis is the reverse of that, using CO₂ & H2O to produce glucose and oxygen CO2+ H2O = O2 +C6H12O8 (glucose) it breaks down Inorganic substances into producing glucon, which provides energy for plants. Occurs in a two stages. 1-photo stage, when it uses sunlight to split H2O & electron energy to Generate ATP. Takes place in the Thykloid. Step 2: the synthesis stage, where it breaks down energy to convert CO2 into glucose through the Calvin cycle. takes place in the stroma They're important because they are the processes responsible for O2 & CO2 exchange, which are needed to survive. Both are involved in energy production

Answer 11

creates boundary that seperates the inside from the outside environmen •important because it allows the protocell to control what enters & exits & maintain a stabe internal environment Without that, the protocell would be vulnerable to damage from external factors.

Answer 12

Viruses are not considered living under our current understanding of life because they cannot replicate or carry out metabolic functions on their own. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have the machinery or metabolism to do so independently. Therefore, they do not meet the criteria for life, which include the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment.

Answer 13

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, genetic material (DNA), and ribosomes to synthesize proteins. However, eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, a complex system of organelles, and generally are larger in size than prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles and are generally smaller and simpler in structure. Additionally, prokaryotic cells have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, while eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

the cell membranes in chloroplast and mitochondria provide a barrier that seperates the organelles from the rest of the cell and helps regulate what molecules enter and leave the organelle

Answer 15

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are used to produce energy in the form of ATP

Answer 16

the main difference between them is that viral genomes are usually smaller and more compact, may consist of RNA instead of a genome, and it doesn't have organelles.

Answer 17

mitochondria and chloroplasts are unique organelles because they have their own DNA and can reproduce independently of the cell

Answer 18

chloroplasts are responsible for charging out photosynthesis, which covers light energy into ATP then into glucose

Answer 19

• Antibiotic resistance is an example of natural selection because it involves the selection of bacteria that have genetic mutations or acquire resistance genes, which allow them to survive and reproduce in the presence of antibiotics, while susceptible bacteria die off.

Answer 20

it is an example of a protein that is involved in development and patterning during embryonic development. its the same for mammals, fish and birds