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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Seed coat

A
  • hard outer layer that covers and protects the seed.
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2
Q

Endosperm

A
  • storage material, provides the
    embryo with nutrients.
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3
Q

Embryo: consists of 4 parts (plants)

A

1) Radicle
2) Hypocotyl
3) Plumule
4) Epicotyl

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4
Q

Radicle

A
  • first to emerge, develops into root,
    anchors the plant into soil.
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5
Q

Hypocotyl

A
  • bottom region of young shoot.
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6
Q

Plumule

A
  • : develops into leaves.
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7
Q

Epicotyl.

A
  • : top region (shoot tip)
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8
Q

Germination

A
  • the sprouting of a seedling from a
    previously dormant state when environmental
    conditions are favorable. Water is the most
    important condition. The seed absorbs water
    (imbibition) which breaks the seed coat and
    initiates growth.
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9
Q

Plant growth takes place via mitosis at ______.

A

1) meristems

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10
Q

Primary growth is _______ occurring at
_______ (located at tips of roots and
shoots). Occurs before secondary growth.

A

1) vertical growth
2) apical meristem

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11
Q

Root Growth: _____ covers roots protecting the apical meristem. The root tip has _____ zones:

A

1) root cap
2) 3

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12
Q

Zone of division

A
  • where apical meristem cells
    are located and divide.
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13
Q

Zone of elongation

A
  • : above apical meristem,
    cells absorb water and elongate.
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14
Q

Zone of maturation

A
  • cells differentiate to
    specific plant tissues.
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15
Q

_______ is _____ growth occurring at _____ meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium). Only occurs in woody plants.

A

1) Secondary growth
2) horizontal
3) lateral

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16
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  • is a ring of meristematic tissue (contains undifferentiated cells, which are the building blocks of the specialized plant structures. ) located between primary xylem (closer to center) and primary phloem (closer to outer edge).
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17
Q

Cells produced _____ the ring of vascular cambium become _______ (forms wood along with pith) and cells _____ become ______ (forms bark with cork and cork cambium). New ______ is produced every year (forming growth rings) whereas new _____ replaces old phloem.

A

1) inside
2) secondary xylem
3) outside
4) secondary phloem
5) xylem
6) phloem

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18
Q

Cork cambium

A
  • is a ring of meristematic tissue located outside the phloem. Produces cork, the outermost protective layer.
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19
Q

Ground tissue

A
  • provides structural support,
    makes up most of the plant’s mass.

1) Parenchyma
2) Collenchyma
3) Schlerenchyma

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20
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • filler tissue, makes up the
    bulk of plant, thin cell walls.
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21
Q

Sclerenchyma

A
  • provides main structural
    support, thick cell walls.
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22
Q

Vascular tissue (plants)

A
  • transports materials from a
    source to a sink (source to sink theory).
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23
Q

The _____ is formed by xylem, phloem, and the _____ (made of parenchyma) in the ____ of the plant for transport.

A

1) Stele
2) pith
3) center

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24
Q

Phloem

A
  • transports sugars from leaves
    (source) to roots and other areas (sink).
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25
Q

Phloem is made of _____ (long cells, lacking
organelles, connected to form a tunnel for
transport) and _______ (connected to sieve cells, contain organelles for metabolic functions).

A

1) sieve cells
2) companion cells

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26
Q

Xylem

A
  • transports water from roots
    (source) to leaves (sink) and provides
    structural support.
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27
Q

Xylem is made up of ______
(long and thin, water travels through pits in
their tapered ends) and ______
(short and stout, water travels via
perforations in cell walls).

A

1) tracheids
2) vessel elements

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28
Q

Plants are made up of 3 types of tissues:

A

1) Ground tissue
2) Vascular Tissue
3) Dermal Tissue

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29
Q

Dermal tissue

A
  • outer layer of the plant.
    Provides protection and regulation.
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30
Q

Epidermis

A
  • covered by cuticle (waxy layer)
    which limits water evaporation.
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31
Q

Root hairs

A
  • increase surface area of roots
    for greater nutrient and water uptake.
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32
Q

Water uptake in the roots occurs via the
______ (inside the cell’s cytoplasm) or the ________ (outside the cell through cell walls).

A

1) symplastic pathway
2) apoplastic pathway

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33
Q

The _______ (made of fat and wax) is an impenetrable substance in the cell walls of the roots. It forces water coming from the cell walls into the ______ for filtering before
entering the rest of the plant.

A

1) Casparian strip
2) cytoplasm

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34
Q

Leaves are covered by an ______,
covered by a waxy _____.

A

1) epidermal layer
2) cuticle

35
Q

_______ in the lower epidermis open and close, allowing for _______. Water _____ to the guard cells makes them turgid, opening the stomata. Stomata are ____ when CO2 concentration is ____ (allows for CO2
intake and photosynthesis) and ____ when CO2 concentrations are _____ and when temperatures are ____ (prevents water loss via transpiration). A balance must exist between opening stomata for
food production via photosynthesis and closing stomata to prevent _____ (desiccation).

A

1) Stomata
2) gas exchange
3) influx
4) open
5) low
6) closed
7) high
8) high
9) water loss

36
Q

(leaf) Between the upper and lower epidermis is the
_______.

A

1) mesophyll

2 types: 1) Palisade 2) Spongy

37
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A
  • closer to upper
    epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out
    photosynthesis.
38
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A
  • : closer to lower epidermis,
    loosely-packed allowing for gas exchange.
39
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A
  • surround and protect the
    vascular bundle.
40
Q

Movement of water in plant involve:

A

1) Cohesion-tension theory:
2) Capillary action:
3) Root pressure:

41
Q

Cohesion-tension theory:

A
  • transpiration, the driving force, causes water to evaporate from the stomata and leads to a transpirational pull. This cohesive force (between similar substances, e.g. the water molecules) pulls the water column upward.
42
Q

Capillary action

A
  • an adhesive force (between
    dissimilar substances) due to attraction
    between water and xylem vessels that causes
    water to climb upwards.
43
Q

Root pressure

A
  • : builds up in roots to produce
    an osmotic gradient which drives water from
    soil into the roots.
44
Q

Movement of food

A

1) Pressure flow hypothesis:

45
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis

A
  • source cells produce sugar and load it into phloem → increased sugar concentration creates a gradient that pulls water
    into phloem → turgor pressure in phloem increases, resulting in bulk flow movement of sugar from leaves down to roots.
46
Q

Different plant hormones include:

A

1) Ethylene
2) Auxins
3) Cytokinins
4) Gibberellins
5) Abscisic Acid

47
Q

Ethylene

A
  • : gas that increases fruit ripening.
48
Q

Auxins:

A
  • cause cell growth. Work with
    cytokinins. Responsible for plant tropisms
    (growth in certain directions). Auxin
    concentrated on one side of a stem leads to
    asymmetric growth.
49
Q

Types of Tropisms due to Auxin

A

1) Phototropism
2) gravitropism
3) Thigmotropism:

50
Q

Phototropism

A
  • : growth towards light.
51
Q

Gravitropism

A
  • growth away from pull of
    gravity.
52
Q

Thigmotropism

A
  • : growth in response to
    contact (e.g. vine growing up a wall)
53
Q

Cytokinins

A
  • regulate cell differentiation and
    division with auxins. Can prevent aging.
54
Q

Gibberellins

A
  • : responsible for stem and shoot
    elongation, elimination of dormancy of a seed,
    flowering, fruit production, leaf and fruit death.
55
Q

Abscisic Acid:(plant)

A
  • functions during stress.
    Promotes dormant seeds, closes stomata
    (drought), inhibits growth.
56
Q

Plants alternate between ____ and _____

A

1) diploid
2) haploid

57
Q

Two haploid gametes fuse producing _____
zygote → zygote becomes sporophyte via _____ → in their _____, sporophyte undergoes _____ to produce haploid spores → spore becomes gametophyte via mitosis →
gametophyte produces gametes → cycle repeats.

A

1) diploid
2) mitosis
3) sporangia
4) meiosis

58
Q

Homosporous plants:

A
  • bisexual gametophyte,
    produces one type of spore.
59
Q

Heterosporous plants

A
  • : produce two types of
    spores; megaspores develop into the female
    gametophyte, while microspores become the
    male gametophyte.
60
Q

Nonvascular plants (e.g. mosses, hornworts,
liverworts),

A
  • are small and short. Found in
    moist habitats, grow horizontally to remain close to water and nutrients. Contain rhizoids (hair-like projections) which aid in water absorption and minor anchorage.
  • Majority of their life cycle is spent in the
    gametophyte stage ; they have a reduced
    sporophyte which depends on and is attached to the gametophyte.

e.g.: Bryophytes

61
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • are vascular (contain xylem and
    phloem), allowing them to grow vertically and tall and have a root system for anchorage. Most of the life cycle is spent in the sporophyte stage.

Includes: 1) Seedless tracheophytes and 2) seed-bearing tracheophytes

62
Q

Seedless tracheophytes

A
  • (lycophytes and
    pterophytes, e.g. club moss, quillworts, fern,
    horsetail). Mostly heterosporous with
    flagellated sperm (can move on their own).
    Additionally, seedless tracheophytes have
    independent gametophyte and sporophyte
    life-cycles.
63
Q

Seed-bearing tracheophytes \

A
  • (all heterosporous)

Includes: Gymnosperms and angiosperms

64
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • The first seeded
    plants. Seed not protected. E.g. conifers
    such as firs, spruce, pine, redwood.
    Most gymnosperms have
    nonflagellated sperm that is
    dispersed in seeds by wind.
65
Q

Angiosperms:

A
  • Most abundant plant.
    Flower-bearing and fruit-producing
    (plant ovary, protects seeds). Sperm is
    nonflagellated and is dispersed by
    wind or animals often as pollen. Can
    exhibit double fertilization (female
    gamete fertilized by two male sperm).
66
Q

Flower Structures

A

1) Petals
2) Stamen
3)Pistil (Stigma, Style, Ovary)

67
Q

Petals

A
  • attract animals to achieve pollination.
68
Q

Stamen

A
  • male plant sex organ. Composed of
    anther (site of microspore formation) and
    filament (supports anther).
  • Microspore undergoes mitosis to form
    generative cell (contains sperm) and tube
    cell which combine to form pollen.
69
Q

Pistil:

A
  • female plant sex organ. Composed of
    three parts: Stigma, Style, Ovary
70
Q

Stigma (plant)

A
  • The top of the pistil and
    the site of where pollen lands for
    germination.
71
Q

Style

A
  • Tube that leads to the
    ovary.
72
Q

Ovary

A
  • Stores the ovule (egg).
73
Q

Pollen lands on ______ → tube cell elongates down style forming ______ → generative cell travels down pollen tube to ______ → splits forming two sperm cells (______)

A

1) stigma
2) pollen tube
3) ovary
4) double fertilization

74
Q

One sperm cell meets ovule to form the
seed or embryo. _____ develops into fruit,
which is eaten by animals and deposited in
a new location (______).

A

1) ovary
2) gene migration

75
Q

The other sperm cell combines with ovule’s
polar nuclei to form the _____.

A

1) endosperm

76
Q

The ________ (female gametophyte) is known as the ______ and develops within the ovule.

A

1) megagametophyte
2) embryo sac

77
Q

Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons

A

Monocotyledon:
- Single cotyledon
- Long narrow leaf, Parallel veins
- Vascular bundles scattered
- Floral parts in multiples of 3
- Fibrous fine root system near
surface

Dicotyledons:
- Two cotyledon
-Broad leaf, Network of veins
-Vascular bundles in a ring
-Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
-Single taproot with branching

78
Q

Plants have a __________ with
_______ bacteria. Bacteria fix atmospheric ______ into a usable form for plants; in return, plants produce food for bacteria via ______.

A

1) symbiotic relationship
2) nitrogen-fixing
3) nitrogen
4) photosynthesis

79
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A
  • (in root nodules of legumes) fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+).
80
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A
  • convert ammonia and ammonium to nitrites (NO2-) and then to nitrates (NO3-).
81
Q

______ are taken up by plants (assimilation of
nitrogen) and incorporated into _____
and ______. Animals (consumers) acquire
nitrogen by eating plants (producers).

A

1) nitrates
2) amino acids
3) chlorophyll

82
Q

Detritus

A
  • dead decaying plants and animals
    provides soil with nitrates.
83
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A
  • convert nitrates back to
    atmospheric nitrogen.

Biology (15 decks)

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