Diversity of Life Flashcards
Name the 6 Kingdoms
1) Archaea
2) Eubacteria
3) Protista
4) Fungi
5) Plantae
6) Animalia
A domain is the ______ classification of life; the
three domains are Archaea, Bacteria (Eubacteria)
and Eukarya. _____ are single-celled and tend
to be extremophiles; they are __________.
_____ are also single-celled and prokaryotic.
______ are classified as having organelles and
membrane-bound nuclei.
1) largest
2) Archaea
3) prokaryotic
4) bacteria
5) Eukarya
In the past, bacteria and archaea were grouped in
one kingdom, known as _____ due to both
groups’ lack of membrane-bound organelles.
2) monera
Prokaryotes
- organisms that do not have
membrane bound nuclei and tend to not have
membrane bound organelles. E.g. Eubacteria and
Archaea.
Bacteria are classified based on their shape and growth pattern:
● Coccus - spherical shaped
● Spirochete - spiral shaped
● Bacillus - rod shaped
● Strep - grows in a chain
● Staph - grows in grape-like clusters
● Diplo - grows in pairs
Some bacteria can produce an _______, a
non-reproductive structure that preserves the
cell’s genetic material, allowing the cell to survive
during times of ______.
1) endospore
2) extreme stress
Eubacteria:
1) Gram +
2) Gram -
Gram positive bacteria
- have a thick peptidoglycan
layer in their cell wall. Both are covered by a
capsule (a virulence factor protecting the
bacteria from drying out).
Gram Positive Bacteria:
● Stain dark purple.
● Thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.
● No outer membrane.
● Very minor periplasm (outside plasma
membrane).
● No lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
● Secrete exotoxins.
● Contain teichoic acids (polysaccharide
connecting peptidoglycan layer and plasma
membrane for rigidity and structure).
Mnemonic: LONG
L = Lipopolysaccharide
O = Outer membrane
N = Negative
G = Gram
Gram -
- whereas gram negative
bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and a
second outer membrane. Both (Gram +/-) are covered by a capsule (a virulence factor protecting the
bacteria from drying out).
Gram Negative Bacteria:
● Stain pink (due to counterstain).
● Thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.
● Contains periplasm between inner and outer
membranes.
● Outer membrane present.
● LPS present (LPS - an endotoxin released
when bacteria is destroyed).
● Secrete exotoxins.
● No teichoic acids.
Mnemonic: PPT
P = Positive
P = Peptidoglycan
T = Teichoic acid
Eubacteria vs Archaea
Similarities:
● Contain cell walls.
● 70S ribosomes.
● DNA is organized in circular plasmids
(horizontal gene transfer via pilli).
● Flagellum for movement.
● Reproduce via binary fission.
Differences:
Eubacteria - Cell wall contains peptidoglycan; lipids bound via ester-linkage; DNA lacks introns and
histones.
Archaea - Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan; lipids bound via ether-linkage; Contains introns, some have
histones.
________: organisms whose cells contain
membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
1) Eukaryotes
______: kingdom of (mostly unicellular)
eukaryotic organisms.
- Protists
Fungus-like protists
- unlike fungi, no cell wall
made of chitin. Can move via cilia or flagella (e.g. slime molds). Are saprophytic and feed via phagocytosis. Reproduce via asexual
reproduction and sporulation (resist environmental conditions).
Plant-like (algae-like) protists
- among the most important primary producers. Algae
encompasses a large variety of plant-like protists due to having chloroplasts and
photosynthetic ability.
Diatoms and euglenoids
- are unicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs that reproduce asexually and are found in aquatic
environments.
Dinoflagellates
- responsible for red tide
(toxins build up, O2
in water is depleted),
have two flagella (find food in absence of light), and are heterotrophic (parasitic).
Animal-like protists
- known as protozoa,
have food vacuoles. Include amoeba and paramecium. Heterotrophic (move via flagella and cilia) and are often parasitic pathogens.
______ are heterotrophic saprophytes that have a
predominantly haploid life cycle.
- Fungi
Nonfilamentous fungi
- (e.g. yeast) are
unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding, and
are facultative anaerobes.
Filamentous fungi (e.g. molds)
- are multicellular, multinucleate (form hyphae),
reproduce sexually, and are aerobic.
Hyphae
- are long, branching filaments that extend
out to form a network of fungi (mycelium).
Mycelium
-network of fungi; can either grow with septate hyphae (have septa dividing hyphae into different sections) or with coenocytic hyphae (one long
continuous multinucleated cell; cytokinesis does
not occur during cell division).
Under ______, fungi reproduce ______ by producing a conidia, a ______
spore-producing structure which produces haploid
spores that grow via _____. Additionally, fungi
have the ability to reproduce via ______.
1) favorable conditions
2) asexually
3) haploid
4) mitosis
5) regeneration
In __________, fungi reproduce
______-producing genetically different offspring
with greater chance of survival. Two hyphae fuse
their cytoplasm plasmogamy) to create a single fused cell with 2 haploid pronuclei which fuse (______) to produce a single diploid cell. The diploid cell produces a _________that produces spores via meiosis.
1) unfavorable conditions
2) sexually
3) karyogamy
4) spore-producing structures
Lichens
- are symbiotic autotrophs where a fungus is paired with either algae or cyanobacteria.
The fungus protects the cyanobacteria/algae and
provides it with water and nutrients while
algae/cyanobacteria photosynthesize, to produce
food for the fungi.
