Plants Flashcards
1
Q
Define: Apical meristem
A
Meristematic tissuue at the extremeties of a plant (root tips, shoots and buds) that rapidly divide causing the plant to grow longer
1
Q
Define: Anther
A
Tip of the stamen that produces pollen
2
Q
Define: Cambium
A
Found inbetween the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundle, it contains later meristematic cells that during secondary growth form a ring and produce secondary tissue
2
Q
Define: Asexual reproduction
A
A method of reproduction that involves only one parent cloning themselves
2
Q
Define: Carpel
A
The femal reproductive organ that produces ovules that contains eggs
3
Q
Define: chloroplast
A
Organelles that contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis
5
Q
Define: Filament
A
Stalk that holds up the anther in the right position so that insects or wind have the best access to get the pollen
6
Q
Define: Growth ring
A
shows the change in growing seasons as the visible rings show not so good growing conditions and the spaces in between show good growing conditions
6
Q
Define: Geotropism
A
A plants ability to sense gravity
6
Q
Define: Flower
A
The male and female sexual reproductive organ of a plant
7
Q
Define: meristematic tissue
A
undifferientated cells that divide very quickly by mitosis to make a plant grow longer or wider
7
Q
Define: Lateral meristem
A
Meristematic tissue that divides rapidly inside the cambium causing the plant to become wider/thicker
7
Q
Define: Limiting factor
A
Environmental conditions that inhibit optimum rates of photosynthesis, ie CO2 concentrations, light intensity, temperature etc.
8
Q
Define: phloem
A
cells withing the vascular bundel that conduct food around the plant
8
Q
Define: photosynthesis
A
The process of producing glucose from CO2, H20, light ad chlorophyll
8
Q
Define: phototropsim
A
A plants ability to sense a light source and grow towards to it
8
Q
Define: Ovary
A
Base of the carpel, it produces ovules
9
Q
Define: Plant
A
An organism that performs photosynthesis to produce energy (glucose)
9
Q
Define: Pollen
A
Produced by the anther, it contains sperm cells
11
Q
Define: Pollination
A
The process of pollen being transferred from one plants anther to another plants stigma
12
Q
Define: Primary growth
A
The process where the apical meristematic cells at the tips of a plant (root tips, shoots and buds) rapidly divide producing undifferientated cells that cause the plant feature to become longer
13
Q
Define: Secondary growth
A
The process where lateral meristematic cells in the cambium divide by mitosis producing undifferientated cells causing secondary xylem and phloem to be produced, the primary xylem on the inside is strong so it is no destroyed and causes the plant to become wider
14
Q
Define: Sexual reproduction
A
A method of reproduction that involves 2 parents combining genetic material by meiosis
15
Q
Define: Stamen
A
The male reproductive organ that produces pollen that contains sperm
18
Define: xylem
cells withing that vacscular bundles that conduct water to the leaves and also help support the plants structure
18
Define: Vegetative reporduction
The different methods of asexual reproduction where plants are formed no from seeds but from specialised structures of teh roots, stem or leaves
19
Describe the methods of each type of vegetative reproduction, give examples
Bulbs - swellings of leaves or stems at the base of the plant that when removed become a new plant, onions
Rhizomes - Underground stems that travel horozinatlly through the soil, new shoots emerge and can, if detached from the stem, grow into a new plant, Ginger
Stolons - Stems that grow over the ground horozinatally and when shoots growing on the stem detach, grow into a new plant, Strawberries
Tuber - Swollen roots or underground stems that grow into new plants, potatoes
21
How are roots adapted to absorbing water?
- Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots increasing the rate water can be absorbed into the plant
- the star shaped arrangement of the xlyem increases the surface area of the xylem exposed increasing the rate water can be absorbed into the xylem
22
How are the meristematic cells in the root tip protected?
- The root tip is produced by the root cap
- The root cap produces a slimey protective layer that helps push the tip through the soil
23
How does a plant grow towards a light source?
The hormone auxin causes the side facing away from the light elongate, this causes the plant to grow towards the light
24
How are roots and shoots effected by auxin?
- In the shoots auxin causes elongation of the shoot so it grows TOWARDS light
- in the roots auxin causes retardation of the root so it grows AWAY from the light
25
How does light intensity effect the rate of photosynthesis?
Higher light intensity provides the chlorophyll more energy, this means that more CO2 and H20 can react and more glucose can be produced, rate of photosynthesis increases up to the optimum level of photosythesis where the rate of photosynthesis then plateaus because another limiting factor such as CO2 concentration, temperature etc. inhibits the rate of photosynthesis
26
How does temerature effect the rate of photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increases up to about 40-50 degrees celcius where the enzymes involved in photosynthesis begin to denature and the rate of photosynthesis then decreases
27
How does the concentration of chlorophyll effect the rate of photosynthesis?
Higher concentrations of chlorophyll mean that more light can be absorbed and therefore more CO2 and H2O can be combined to create glucose. The rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of chlorophyll increases until it reaches the optimum rate of photosynthesis and the rate of photosynthesis begins to plateau even as chlorophyll concentration increases due to another limiting factor inhibiting photosynthesis rate, ie CO2 concentrations, light intensity etc.
28
How does the concentration of CO2 effects the rate of photosynthesis?
higher concentrations of CO2 mean that there are more resources for glucose to be made from, rate of photosynthesis increases with more CO2 up to the optimum level a plant can photosynthesise where the rate of photosynthesis plateaus because another limiting factor inhibits such as light intensity, temperature etc. inhibits the rate of photosynthesis
29
How is water absorbed by the roots?
-by the process of OSMOSIS (water moving from a high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane) -high concentration water in soil is absorbed by OSMOSIS into the low concentration vacoule of the root cells
31
If part of a plant grows away from a light source, what is this called? Where is an example of this?
Negative phototroipism, the roots shot negative phototropism as they grow into the ground away from light
32
If part of a plant responds to a light source (grow toward it), what is this called? Where is an example of this?
Positive phototropism, shoots show positive phototropism as long as they have their coleoptile attached as they grow towards the light
33
What are meristematic cells?
They are undifferentiated cells that rapidly divide by mitosis to make the plant bigger (lengthwise or widthwise)
34
What are the 3 stages of growth in the roots?
- Apical meristematic cells divide by mitosis producing undifferientated cells pushing the roots into the ground (Cell division)
- These undifferientated cells then fill their vacoules and grow wider (Cell enlargement)
These undifferientated cells then become specialised (Cell differientation)
36
What are the benefits and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Benefits - very quickly produces clones which enables a plant to spread its genetic material very quickly
- very energy efficent as plant doesn't have to search for a mate or produce seeds
- well adapted plants will therefore produce equally well adapted clones enabling them to quickly flourish
Disadvantages - **NO GENETIC VARIATION** which means in the case of a environmental change, all indivisuals will be affected
- Offspring do not spread very far from parent which means parent can create it's own competition
37
What are the benefits and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Benefits - produces genetic variation which produces variation increasing a species chance it will survive an environmental change
- offspring are spread further away from parent which reduces competition with parent/s increasing SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Disadvantages - slow and energy demanding process as it involves finding a mate then meiosis
38
What are the limiting factors of plant growth? what is a limiting factor
Light intensity, Water avaliablility, CO2 avaliablitiy, temperature, amount of chlorophyll in a plant, pH, humidity etc.-a limiting factor is something that prevents a plant from performing it's optimum levels of photosynthesis (maximum rate FYI)
38
What are the macro and micro nutrients required by the plant?
Macronutrients: nitrates, phosphates and potassium
Micronutrients: calcium, sulfur and magnesium
39
What are the main functions of the roots?
-to anchor the plant in the ground -absorb water and nutrients by the process of transpiration -to store food (starch)
40
What are the main parts of a plant?
leaves, stem and roots
42
Define: stomata
Small openings on the underside of the leaf where gases can diffuse in and out of the leaf
42
What are the parts of a flower
Anther, Filament, Stigma, Style, Petal, Sepal, Ovary
43
What are the primary functions of the roots?
- To anchour the plant into the ground
- To store starch
- To absorb water from the soil into the plant
44
What are the steps of growth in meristematic tissue?
1 - cell division, cells divide due to mitosis 2 - cell enlargement, cells grow longer and wider as their vacuoles fill up with water 3 - cell differentiation, cells become specialised (root cells, bud cells, xylems etc.)
45
What are the steps of secondary growth?
1 - cambium forms a ring inside the plant structure and the cambium begins to thicken
2 - the cambium begins to create undifferientated cells, undifferientated cells on the outside become secondary phloem causing the primary (old) phloem to become squashed , the inside of the undifferientated cells become secondary xylem, the primary xylem being hard is not destroyed so it stays as growth rings and forms wood adding to the trees strength
46
What are the symptoms of deficcencies of the macro nutrients and why
Nitrates - yellow leaves and poor stunted growth, nitrates essential in DNA, without properly functioning DNA chlorophyll is not produce properly so it causes the leaves to go paler and stunted growth as cells can't function properly
Phosphates - poor root formation and brown spots on leaf, phosphates are used in the nuclei to regulate protein synthesis, therefore important in cell division and cell development
Potassium -Yellow leaves with dead areas and poor or no development of flower or fruit, potassium is required for growth regulation, protein synthesis and photosynthesis
47
What are the symptoms of difficencies of micro nutrients and why
Magnesium - pale yellow leaves, necessary for chlorophyll to form, if chlorophyll doesn't form properly then green pgiment is not produced
Sulfur - Plant growth stumped and leaves are pale yellow, it is a component of protein and has a role in initiating protein synthesis, this causes the plant to not grow properly and inhibit chlorophyll production
Calcium - Stunted growth and poor bud formation, calcium is used for proper plant elongation, strengthing the cell walls and aids in the uptake of other nutrients, this causes poor plant growth due to all 3 factors
49
What are the the types of vegetative reproduction?
Bulbs, Rhizomes, Stalons, Tubers
50
What are the vascular bundles?
-They are a bundles of veins that run throughout the plant (stem and leaves) -vascular bundle is made of phloem on the outside, cambium in the middle and xylem on the inside
52
What colour light promotes the fastest rates of photosynthesis, Blue, Green, Yellow or Red? Why
- The blue and red light promotes the fastest rates of photosynthesis while the green and yellow light has the slowest rates of photosynthesis
- This is because the green light is mostly reflected by the green pigment of the chlorophyll, this means that very little light is absorbed so the rate of photosynthesis is very slow
- Yellow is of a similar light frequency to green so it is also mostly reflected
- Blue and red light is mostly absorbed by the leaves because they are of a very different light frequency which means the rate of photosynthesis is faster
53
What is capillary action?
It an effect that is unique to water molecules where they are attracted to each other. When water evaporates from the leaf, due to capillary action more water is attracted creating a pulling effect against gravity which is called transpiration
55
What is geotropism?
It is a plants ability tlo respond to gravity
56
What is osmosis?
It is the movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration through a **semi-permeable membrane **
57
What is phototropism?
It is the sense that a plant has to detect light and grow towards it
59
What is primary growth?
It is the growing of apical meristematic cells that cause the plant extremities to grow longer (root tips, branch tips, buds etc.)
60
What is secondary growth?
It is the growing of the lateral meristematic cells (cambium) that cause the plant to become thicker (stem, roots etc.)
61
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 --- sunlight+chlorophyll ---\> C6H12O6 + 6O2
63
What is the coleoptile?
It is a protective sheath that protects the young emerging shoot, it is also the site where auxin (FYI it's technically called indoleacetic acid [IAA])
64
What is the function of each part of the root?
- Root hairs, greatly increase the surface area of the root increaseing the rate which water can be absorbed
- Root tip, produces slime that lubricates the root tip as it pushes through the soil
- Epidermis, protective outerlayer of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil into the root
- Cortex tissue, cell layer that conducts water and stores the starch
- Endoderthemal cells, helps regulate the movement of water, homrones and ions
- Phloem, transports food around the plant
- Xylem, takes water from the roots to the leaves
65
What is the function of the cambium?
- It produces secondary xylem and phloem to replace non-functional primary xylem and phloem
- The production of secondary xylem and phloem causes secondary growth as the xylem become wood
66
What is the main function of primary growth in the stem and roots?
- Stem, so the plant grows upwards towards a light source for maximal PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Roots, so the plant has better anchourage and so that the plant can absorb more water and nutrients for maximal PHOTOSYNTHESIS
67
What is the main function of secondary growth?
- To increase the strenght and stability of plant structures (thicker stem can support greater weight and stand up to winds, thicker roots can provide more anchourage and strength etc.)
- to replace old xylem and phloem that don't function as efficently as they used to
68
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To create energy for a plant so it can perform MRSGREN
69
What is the purpose of the xylem and phloem?
-xylem moves water up from the roots to the leaves -phloem moves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
71
What is the structure of a leaf?
Waxy cuticle, Epidermis, Palislade cells, Spongy Mesophyll, air spaces, leaf vein (also know as vascular tissue, contains xylem+phloem FYI), guard cells, stomata pores
72
What is the structure of a root?
- Root has a root tip and is covered in root hairs
- Centre of root has star shaped xylem, surrounded by phloem
- Xylem and phloem cells encased in a ring of endodermal cells
- Outer most layer is cortex tissue which is surround by epidermis
73
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Water + Carbon Dioxide ---- Sunlight+chlorophyll ----\> Glucose + oxygen
74
What is transpiration?
It is the process of water being evaporated in the leaves and due to capillary action, more water is pulled up the xylem and into the leaves
75
What kind of cells make up the phloem?
Phloem cells are living so they can control the movement of sugars throughout the plant
76
What kind of cells make up the xylem and why?
Xylem cells are dead so they contain no cytoplasm which makes them hollow so water can travel very easily from the roots up to the leaves
77
What is the cambium, where is it found?
it is a layer of vascular meristematic cells that is found between the phloem and xylem in the vascular bundle
78
Where do we see geotropism?
If a seed is planted on its side, the shoot always grow up and the root always grows down
79
Where is auxin produced?
It is produce at the tips of the plant shoot called the coleoptile and root tips, (FYI it is only effective in the coleoptile as the roots are not exposed to the light) also (FYI if you cut the coleoptile off the auxin is not longer produced and the plant is no longer sensitive to light)
80
Why are stomata pores loacted on the underside of the leaf?
1 - So that the top of the leaf has maximal area for sunlight to be absor bed 2 - So that the stomata pores don't get too hot as they are not in direct sunlight, too hot increase the rate of evaporation
81
Why is photosynthesis important for plants and the ecosystem?
- Plants obtain all their energy from photosynthesis (except plants such as the venus fly trap FYI), without it they wouldn't be able to perform MRSGREN
- This is where energy enters the ecosystem, with plants performing photosynthesis there would be no new energy entering and life wouldn't exist
- Photosynthesis also produces O2, without cellular respiration could not occur
82
Define: Germination
The process of a seed or spore sprouting and beginning to grow
83
Define: Fertilisation
The process where the sperm and egg cells fuse to create a new organism
84
Define: Fruit
Nutritous, protective outer layer that develops on the outside of seeds
85
Define: Seed
The offspring of a plant produced by sexual reproduction
86
What's the function and appearance of the petals for animal pollination and wind pollination?
- For animals, large brightly coloured petals are used to visually attract sight animals such as bees, birds etc. and to lead the animals to the anthers and stigma
- For wind pollination, there may be no developed petals and if there are flowers they will be small and brown
87
What function and what kind of scent is produced by animal pollinated and wind pollinated flowers?
- Animal pollinated, a strong scent is used to attcat animals, could smell sweet to attract birds, bees etc. could smell strong and pungent to attract flies, also used to attract nocturnal pollinator such as moths
- Wind pollinators, has no scent as it has no function as they don't have to attract any animals
88
How does the quantity of pollen vary between animal pollinated and wind pollinated plants vary? Why?
- Animal pollinated flowers produce less pollen as there is a much higher chance that it will fertilise another plant
- Wind pollinated flowers produce huge quantities of pollen as the chance of one pollen grain landing on another flower is very low
89
What is the position of the anthers for animal and wind pollinaters and why?
- Animal pollinated flowers have their anthers inside their flower so that when animals reach inside to get nectar, there is a very high chance they will stroke aganist the anther and take pollen (filament is firm FYI to hold it in place)
- Wind pollinated flowers have their anthers hanging outside their flower so that the wind can catch the pollen better (filament is floppy FYI so that is can move around in the wind)
90
What is the position of the stigma for animal and wind pollinated flowers? Why?
- Animal pollinated flowers have stigma stragetically placed inside flower so that there is a high chance pollen will rub aganist it
- Wind pollinated flowers have multiple stigma's outside the flower so that it can filter out the air for pollen
91
What is the appearance of the stigma for animal pollinated and wind pollinated flowers?
- Animal pollinated flowers have single stigma that is column like and is sticky so that pollen gets stuck on it
- Wind pollinated flowers have feathery stigmas so that they can more effectively filter the air for pollen, not sticky so that feather like strucutres don't clump
92
How is this pollen grain pollinated by, animal or wind? Why?
- Animal pollinated
- It is large and has spike coming out of it so that it can hook on to fur or alike meaning it can get a rid on animals more effectively
- Can't see it but it will be sticky so that it can attach itself to animals more effectively
93
How is this pollen grain pollinated by, animal or wind? Why?
- Wind pollinated
- It is smooth so that it is more aerodynamic meaning it can travel by the wind more efficently and further
- can't really tell by this photo but it is also small, this is so that it is lighter which means it can be carried by the wind further
- can't tell but it is also not sticky so that is doesn't get stuck in clumps or stuck onto objects like trees, buildings etc.
94
Describe the processes of fertilisation
1 - Pollen attactes itself to the stigma
2 - Pollen produces a pollen tube which buries into the style leading to the ovary by CHEMOTROPISM, sperm cells are sent down pollen tube
3 - Sperm cells go around and through ovule
4 - egg and sperm cells fuse creating an embryo
95
Why are pumpkin's, tomato's and cucumber's considered to be fruit, not vegetables?
- A fruit is defined as a fertilised flower containing seeds inside of it
- A vegetable is defined as a part of a plant that is not the flower
- Pumpkins, tomatos and cucumbers all have seeds inside of them which means they are fruit
96
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a plant producing fruit? Why?
**Advantages** - fruit makes it very attractive to animals increasing chances of ingestion, once consumed it will be excreted, seed will remain protected and will be in natural fertiliser
- very good seed dispersal as it takes 4-6 hours for food to pass through digestive system, in that time animal will have moved a lot and will excrete far away from parent plant
- The actual fruit protects the seed from the elements
**Disadvantages** - production of frouit requires a lot of energy as fruit is a ball of glucose and needs to be produed
- fruit does not last long as it rots which means time for fertilisation is limited
- relies on animals which are highly unpredictable
97
What are threee example of seeds that show wind, water and animal dispersal
Wind - dandelion, maple seed, pampas grass
water - coconut, sea bean, mangroves
Animals - Strawberries, Grapply seed, apple
98
What is the structure of a seed? What does each part do?
- Hard outer layer called the testa, protects the seed from barcteria and insects, also enable seed to live for long periods of time as it prevent photosynthesis enable seed to live in dormant state
- Nutrient rich centre called the cotyledon is where the seed gets it nutrients from during germination as it is starch, oil and protein rich
- Micropyle is a small hole where water can be absorbed, when water is absorbed through here the germinating process begins as the arrival of water inside the seed initiates chemical reactions
- The radicle is the embroynic root and the plumule is the embryonic shoot bud, these rupture through the testa during germination and begin to form the plant
99
What are the 3 things a seed MUST have to germinate and why?
Warmth - this speeds up chemical reactions allowing a plant to grow quickly
Oxygen - initiates aerobic respiration which allows a plant to grow
Water - allows chemical reactions necessary for growth and respiration
100
What are the stages of germination?
1 - Seed lands in ideal location and absorbs water (by process called imbibtion FYI) and begins to grow, radicle and plumule begin to rupture through the testa
2 - Radicle and plumule begin to grow using embroynic food stored in the cotyledon
3 - plumule breaks through the surface of the ground and the energy stored in the cotyledon is used to produce leaves and roots
4 - testa falls off and leaves develop and being to photosynthesise
5 - Plant has now developed and has leaves that perform photosynthesis and produce glucose
