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Biology > Objective Summary sheet > Flashcards

Objective Summary sheet Flashcards

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1
Q

State why it is important to eat proteins

A

Builds and repairs tissue

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2
Q

State why it is important to eat carbohydrates

A

Primary source of energy

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3
Q

State why it is important to eat lipids

A

Energy source and insulates the body

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4
Q

State why it is important to eat Vitamins and minerals

A

Essential for normal cellular functions

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5
Q

State why it is important to eat Fibre

A

Helps transport food along the digestive track

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6
Q

State why it is important to drink water

A

all chemical reactions occur in water

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7
Q

Define ingestion

A

putting food into the body

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8
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

breaking food down from large parts into small parts using physical force

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9
Q

Define chemical digestions

A

breaking down large insoluble particles into small soluble particles using enzymes

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10
Q

Define absorbtion

A

digested food passing through the gut wall into the bloodstream or lacteal

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11
Q

Define assimilation

A

nutrients in the blood being absorbed by cells

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12
Q

Define egestion

A

excreting waste products from the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the molars

A

grinds food up

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14
Q

What is the function of the premolars

A

slices food

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15
Q

What is the function of the incisors

A

bites off food

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16
Q

What is the function of the canines

A

grabs hold of and tears off flesh, helps kill prey

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17
Q

What is the function of the enamel

A

protects the tooth from acid, bacteria etc. and to provide a strong grinding surface

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18
Q

What is the function of the dentine

A

gives the tooth the ability to sense heat, acidity, texture etc.

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19
Q

What is the function of the pulp cavity

A

links the dentine to the brain via nerve endings and provides it with food, nutrients and oxygen

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20
Q

What is the function of the cement

A

strongly connects the tooth to the jaw bone

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21
Q

What is the digestive function of the teeth

A

mechanically breaks down large pieces of food into smaller pieces to INCREASE surface area for chemical digestion

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22
Q

What is the digestive function of the salivary glands

A
  • produces saliva which moistens food helping it go down the oesophagus
  • produces salivary amylase which breaks down starch into maltose
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23
Q

What is the digestive function of the oesophagus

A

links the mouth to the stomach, controls the speed which bolus goes into stomach by peristalsis

24
Q

What is the digestive function of the stomach

A
  • chemically breaks down protein using pepsin which turns it into peptides
  • physically breaks down food by contracting its muscular walls
  • kills microbes on food with high pH
  • produces intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12, essential for the production of haemoglobin
25
Q

What is the digestive function of the Cardiac sphincter

A

controls if food goes into stomach and controls it if it goes out

26
Q

What is the digestive function of the Pyloric sphincter

A

controls the release of chyme into the duodenum

27
Q

What is the digestive function of the Duodenum

A
  • This is where food mixes with pancreatic juice and intestinal juice which contain digestive enzymes breaking down the food into smaller particles
  • bile secreted on chyme which neutralises it and creates slightly alkaline environment for enzymes
28
Q

What is the digestive function of the ileum

A

Main source of absorption into blood stream and lacteal, some chemical digestion occurs here

29
Q

What is the digestive function of the villi

A

greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine decreasing time it takes to absorb food

30
Q

What is the digestive function of the microvilli

A

greatly increase the surface are of the villi which further increases the rate which food can be absorbed into the blood stream or lymph system

31
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver

A
  • stores vitamins A, D, K and B12
  • converts unused glucose into glycerol
  • produces cholesterol
  • produces proteins from amino acids
  • filters the blood of poisons (eg alcohol)
  • makes bile (emulsifies fats and neutralises chyme)
32
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes (trypsin [peptides into amino acids], pancreatic amylase [starch into maltose], lipase [lipids into glycerol+3 fatty acids] and maltase [maltose into glucose])

33
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreatic duct

A

links pancreas the duodenum so it can excrete its juices onto chyme

34
Q

What is the digestive function of the gall bladder

A

stores bile made by the liver

35
Q

What is the digestive function of the bile duct

A

links the gall bladder to the duodenum so that bile can be excreted on the chyme

36
Q

What is the digestive function of the colon

A
  • absorbs water and sodium ions from food

- this firms up faeces making it easier for it to be pushed along by peristalsis

37
Q

What is the digestive function of the rectum

A

stores faeces

38
Q

What is the digestive function of the anus

A

(anal sphincter FYI) controls the release of faeces from the rectum

39
Q

What is the digestive function of the caecum

A

In herbivores it houses bacteria that ferment cellulose making it easier to get the nutrients in the cell

  • in hindgut it is big
  • in foregut they have multiple large stomach, one is a rumen which houses that bacteria
  • carnivores and omnivores have a poorly developed or no caecum
40
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The process of food moving down the oesophagus and through the small intestine and colon by muscular motion (muscles contract on one side of food and push food along FYI)

41
Q

What pH would you find in the mouth, stomach and small intestine

A

mouth=6.4-7.4
stomach=1-2
small intestine=7-8

42
Q

Why does the pH change throughout the digestive system?

A

different enzymes require different OPTIMUM pH’s

43
Q

What is an enzyme, what does it do and how does it work

A
  • it is a biological catalyst (large protein FYI)
  • breaks down large insoluble particles (eg starch) into smaller soluble particles (eg glucose)
  • each enzyme breaks down only ONE type of molecule, molecule fits onto active site like a lock and key, temporarily bond then enzyme breaks the bonds holding the particle together making it smaller
44
Q

What enzyme is made in the salivary glands, where it functions, what does it break down and what it produces

A
  • Salivary amylase
  • mouth
  • starch–>maltose
45
Q

What enzyme is made in the gastric glands, where it functions, what does it break down and what it produces

A
  • pepsin
  • stomach
  • pepsin–>peptides
46
Q

Why does pepsin not work in the duodenum?

A

pepsin has OPTIMUM pH of 1-2, duodenum has a pH of 7-8, this change in pH causes the enzyme to become DENATURED so it can’t work anymore

47
Q

What digestive chemical is made in the liver, where it functions and what it does

A
  • Bile
  • duodenum
  • emulsifies fats to increase surface area and neutralies and slightly alkalines the chyme
48
Q

What enzymes are made in the pancreas, where do they functions, what does it break down and what do they produce

A
  • Trypsin, Pancreatic amylase, Maltase, Lipase
  • Duodenum
  • peptides–>amino acids, starch–>maltose, maltose–>glucose, lipids–>glycerol+3 fatty acids
49
Q

Why do enzymes work better at 35˚C compared to 10˚C

A

At 10˚C the particles are vibrating slowly as they have less kinetic energy, this causes less collision with the enzymes meaning less substrates get broken down, 35˚C is close to the OPTIMUM temperature for enzymes to work so far mores substrates will be broken down

50
Q

Why do enzymes stop working at 50˚C

A

At 50˚C the enzyme become DENATURED because the higher than optimum temperature has changed the active site meaning it can’t break down substrates anymore

51
Q

What adaptations does the stomach have to not be digested by the HCl and pepsin

A
  • mucus lining prevent pepsin or HCl touching the stomach wall
  • mucus contains HCO3- ions which neutralises the HCl, this also denatures the pepsin near the mucus as the pH has changed
52
Q

What are 5 adaptations that the small intestine has to make it particularly good at absorbing food

A
  • small diameter and folded many times so that food has a long time to be absorbed
  • when food is being digested, blood rushes to the small intestine which means the rate of food absorbed increases as more blood can take more nutrients and causes villi to stand up further increaing their surface area
  • lined with villi which greatly increase surface are and increase how much food can be absorbed
  • Villi are lined with microvilli which further increase the surface area of the villi
  • very thin gut lining that makes it easy for digested food to be absorbed
53
Q

Why does food need to be digested

A
  • When food is ingested the food is too big for it to be swallowed and/or absorbed so it needs to mechanically broken down
  • food particles are also too big to be absorbed by small intestine and need to be broken down so they can pass through the gut wall
  • cells can also only metabolise or process small molecules so they broken down to be useable
54
Q

What is the blood vessel that takes food away from the small intestine to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

55
Q

What is the main role of the cardiovascular system

A
  • transports blood around the body
  • blood carries oxygen necessary for cell respiration (speeds up the rate of diffusion to individual cells)
  • plasma contains nutrients, enzymes and hormones to cells and takes away waste products
56
Q

What is the main role of the respiratory system

A
  • inhaling brings in oxygen (necessary for respiration)
  • exhaling removes CO2 and H2O vapour (removes toxic waste)
  • site of GAS EXCHANGE where oxygen goes into blood and CO2 and H2O leave it
57
Q

What is the function of respiration in mammals

A
  • converts glucose into ATP energy
  • this powers cells and allows them to create proteins and perform normal cellular functions
  • without respiration cells wouldn’t be able to work properly which would mean mammals couldn’t perform MRSGREN properly

Biology (7 decks)

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