PLANTAE Flashcards
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- photosynthetic autotroph, rarely heterotrophs
- cell wall: cellulose
inc
Kingdom Plantae
Sub-Kingdom of Plantae
1. ____________ = seedless, flowerless (nonvascular)
= spores, gametes
2. ____________ = seed-producing, vascular tissues (xylem & phloem - tracheids)
Cryptogamae
Spermatophyta
____________
= amphibians of plant kingdom
= nonvascular
= spores
_____________
= true roots, true stem, true leaf
= vascular
_____________ & _______________
= between Bryophytes and and higher plant system
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnospermae & Angiospermae
________________
- complete life cycle in both water and land
- damp, shady places, esp. on hills
- only rhizoids (only for _______: no capacity to absorb water)
- must be in moist, high relative humidity
- flat roughy leaf - where absorption takes place, concentration gradient leaf
- __________ vascular tissue
- have stem and leaf-like structure
- sex organ are surrounded by 1 or several layers of sterile cells
- gametophyte - vegetative
- sporophyte - spore-forming/bearing
- female and male gametophytes are __________
- heteromorphy - haploid and diploid gametophyte
- dominant generation: ________ gametophyte
-____________(down) = releases sperm to fertilize on __________ (up)
Bryophytes
-rhizoids for anchorage
- no vascular tissue
- female and male gametophytes are separate
- dominant generation: haploid gametophyte
- Antheridium (down) = releases sperm to fertilize on Archegonia (up)
Main Types of Bryophytes
__________ - flat, spores, gemmae, ribbon-like (Marchantia)
___________ - small, leafy plant body (Funaria)
________ - flat, thalloid plant bearing a horn-like sporophyte, no capsule, gemmae capsule on leaves, (Hornworts or Anthoceros
Liverworts
Mosses
Horntails
__________
= lower vascular plant (lower type of xylem & phloem)
- damp, shady, low temperature
- reproduction: asexual by spores found on fronds, can ___________ and cross-fertilize (spores from leaves go on its own gamete on the roots)
- black/ brown dots (______) - spores
- rhizoids with ________ roots
- ________ water involved in fertilization
- haploid __________
- diploid __________
- fiddal heads or coroizers - immature leaf, left uncoiled
Pteridophytes
- can self-fertilize
- sorus (sori) - sporangium (diploid)
- rhizoids with functional roots
- no water involved in fertilization
- haploid gametophyte
- diploid sporophyte
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Mosses
Pteridophytes Life Cycle
ferns
________________
- major division of Plant Kingdom
- seed-producing
- present vascular tissues
Spermatophyta
2 Subgroup of Spermatophyta
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
_____________
- _________ - naked
- sperma - seed
- produce seeds ________ fruits
- develop on scales, leaves, end of stalks
- ovules not enclosed within the ovary wall
- exposed before and after fertilization and before developing into seed
- covered with resin and is protected
- not flowering except Gnetales (flowering: transition of gymnosperms into angiosperms)
- seed not formed inside a fruit
- cold, snow (tundra)
- needle-like leaves (reserve water moisture, takes long time to frost, if flat, exposed to permafrost_
- perrenial or woody: trees or bushes
- tap roots
- stem: branch or unbranch
- leaves: simple, compound
- not differentiated into ovary, style, stigma
- old version of xylem
- tracheids - pits (hole) - slender
- Tonis - blocks incoming water
- prone to air bubbles
Gymnosperms
gymno - naked
- produce seeds without fruits
Classification of Gymnosperms
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta
Classification of Gymnosperms
- vascular seed
- palmate
- leaves are clustered at the top in whorl
- not as tall, abt human height only
- spore at center (cone) (cyca)
Cycadophyta
Classification of Gymnosperms
- palmate
- leaf no midrib
- extant species (have live since jurassic to triassic)
- good absorption for pollution
- Ginko - neural development
Ginkgophyta
Classification of Gymnosperms
- needle-like (steel)
- male (sperms) on top and female (egg) below of the tree
- diploid: male (microsporangrium) - microsporocytes via spermatogenesis: female (megasporangium) megasporocytes via oogenesis; haploid - gametophyte stage
Coniferophyta
Classification of Gymnosperms
- flowering
- vessel elements (xylem, perforiation plate) (new version)
- aboveground only (shrub-like)
- no endosperm (that’s why it is not in angiosperm although its flowering)
Gnetophyta
- _______- sac
- sperma - seed
- dominant, ubiquitous vascular plant of present-day flora
- wide range of habitat
- size: tiny wolfia to tall trees
- sporophyte - dominant phase
- differentiated into root, stem, leaf
- leaves - venation
- vascular tissue is well developed
- sexual reproduction: flowers - unisexual or bisexual
- double-fertilization: only to flowering
Angiosperms
Angiosperms Major Groups
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons
Major Group of Angiosperms
- seed can be divided to equal halves
- tap roots
- palmate
- vascular bundles form ring
- flower parts in 4 or 5
Dicotyledon
- single seed
- fibrous root
- parallel leaf vein
- scattering stem vascular bundles
- flower parts in 3
Monocotyledon
Stamenate: Male - _______, filament, stamen
Pistillate: Female - ______, style, ovary
Male: anther
Female: stigma
sticky, catches sperm, identifies sperm, decipher if sperm is related to it, if related, it will feed up and receive the sperm, then the sperm will form one long filament that delivers cell to the ovary
stigma
part in ovary
marker, signal sperms to where the ovary is in
antipodal
two cell from anther
__________ cell - the sperm
__________ cell - the filament that stigma lengthens
generative cell
tube cell
reason for the so called “double-fertilization”
one sperm cell fertilize polar (egg) - that forms ___________: food for developing fertilize
another sperm fertilize the egg - _______ (becoming the seed)
one sperm cell fertilize polar (egg) - that forms endosperm: food for developing fertilize
nother sperm fertilize the egg - zygotes (becoming the seed)
