Plant Vegetative Structure Flashcards
the section of the embryonic axis beneath the cotyledonary node that gives rise to the radicle at its tip
hypocotyl
located at the lowest area of a seed’s embryonic axis that produces the main root
radicle
root that branches out from the main trunk of hypocotyl
primary root
roots that originated from the primary root
secondary root
roots that develop from stems, leaves, and other parts of plants
adventitious root
has one main root where it branches out into lateral roots (carrot-like)
taproot system
multiple roots that branch out from the stem (grass-like)
fibrous root system
roots delve into the soil to find water and minerals
anchorage
absorb a significant amount of water and dissolved minerals from the soil
absorption
large energy reserves are stored in roots for vegetative growth and reproduction
storage
water and dissolved nutrients are moved to and from the shoot by the roots
conduction
the tip of the root, protects the root apical meristem and in charge of the geotropic growth
root cap
the location where the original cells split and produce all other root cells
quiescent center
located 0.5-1.5mm behind the root tip, divides every 12-36 hours, produces almost 20,000 new cells per day
zone of cellular division
located 4-15mm behind the root tip, where the cells start to elongate to give it length
zone of cellular elongation
located 10-50mm behind the root tip, where the root hairs degrade, cells acquire a secondary wall and lateral roots develop
zone of cellular maturation
covers all the root except the root cap, usually one cell thick, lacks stomata
epidermis
located interior to the epidermis, consists of three layers: endodermis, parenchyma tissues, and exodermis
cortex
includes xylem and phloem tissues, pericycle, and cambium; monocots have parenchymatous piths while dicots have solid xylem cores
stele
portion of the embryo axis in the seed, essential in germination, the immature shoot that later becomes the stem
epicotyl
stems that grow above the soil
aerial/mediterranean stem
stems that grow below the soil
underground/subterranean stem
stems that grow underground in horizontal direction and produces shoots above and roots below
rhizomes
stem that develop at the end of the roots that emerged from underground stems
tuber
a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage; roots emerge from a smooth area at the base known as the basal plate
corm
new plants arise from very short, thick underground stems with thin, scaly leaves
bulb
known for their soft, green, and flexible stems. they are plants that do not thicken very much and rely on branching to grow laterally
herbaceous
characterized by their hard, woody stems
woody
perpendicular growth from the ground
erect
oblique or diagonal growth from the ground
ascending
lies flat on the ground and turns upwards at the ends
decumbent
lies flat on the ground
prostrate
grows closely to the ground
creeping
grow over other plants or objects by means of tendril climbers, twiners, root climbers, hooks, and scrambler
climbing
aerial stem of a grass or sedge, hollow between the rings (nodes) and grow in branching clusters from a thick rhizome
culm
branch or shoot originating below the ground from the root or lower part of the main stem
sucker
slender branch or shoot arising from or near the base of the parent plant
stolon
consist of a principal stem called trunk
trees
cylindrical, unbranched, bears one set of leaves at its summit
columnar
develops when the central leader outgrows the lateral branches forming a narrow, cone-shaped form with a clearly defined central trunk
excurrent
the main stem grows up to a particular height after which it gives several branches giving it a dome shape
deliquescent
the points on a stem where the buds, leaves, and branching twigs originate
node
a segment of a stem between two nodes
internode
a pore or aggregation of cells penetrating the surface where gas exchange occur
lenticel
the mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig
scar
embryonic shoot, a meristematic tissue
bud
a protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant
epidermal tissue
composed of specialized conducting tissues, xylem and phloem; transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant
vascular tissue
small, undeveloped structures in plants that will grow into mature leaves; they are the early stages of leaf development
leaf primordia
the stalk that supports a leaf in a plant and attaches it to the stem
petiole
the expanded thin and green part of the leaf which performs photosynthesis; also known as the lamina
blade
small channels or capillaries that transport water and minerals to and from the leaf of a plant
veins
the main vein of a leaf, running down the centre of the blade
midrib
the outgrowth of structures of the hypopodium or leaf base
stipule
the leaf may be lobed or divided, but does not form distinct leaflets
simple leaves
the leaf is separated into distinct leaflets, each with its own small petiole
compound leaves
made up of a single layer of cells; the epidermis is covered to the cuticle
upper and lower epidermis
fills in the space between the upper and lower epidermis
mesophyll
they bring water and mineral salts and take photosynthesized substances out of the leaves
vascular bundle
