Midterms Flashcards
scientific name of onion
allium cepa
scientific name of digman
hydrilla verticillata
scientific name of tomato
solanum lycopersicum
scientific name of potato
solanum tuberosum
scientific name of bangka-bangkaan
tradescantia spathacea
scientific name of dumbcane
dieffenbachia
scientific name of alikbangon
commelina
scientific name of banana
musa paradisiaca
scientific name of mayana
plectranthus scutellarioides
scientific name of kangkong
ipomea aquatica
scientific name of santan
ixora
scientific name of mongo
phaseolus vulgaris
scientific name of patola
luffa acutangula
scientific name of coconut
cocos nucifera
these cells have thin cell walls and the protoplast is alive at maturity
parenchyma cells
found in groups along the sides of the young stems or in the stalk or midrib of leaves; the walls of these cells are unevenly thickened and thickening occurs at the corners where the cells meet
collenchyma cells
have very thick walls and these cells die at maturity; the common examples of these are the fibers and sclereids or stone cells
sclerenchyma cells
cell type of musa paradisiaca
parenchyma cells
cell type of dieffenbachia
parenchyma cells
cell type of commelina
parenchyma cells
cell type of plectranthus scutellarioides
collenchyma cells
cell type of ipomea aquatica
collenchyma cells
cell type of ixora
collenchyma cells
cell type of phaseolus vulgaris
sclerenchyma cells
cell type of luffa
sclerenchyma cells
cell type of cocos nucifera
sclerenchyma cells
in plants, this division of cells occur in special tissues called ___
meristems
nuclear division
karyokinesis
cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
a large spherical nucleus, with nuclear membrane intact, grain-like chromosomes, and one to two nucleoli
interphase
a large, spherical nucleus with a nucleolus and nuclear membrane intact and with thickened, more distinctly ribbonlike chromosomes. the chromosomes may look like a dish of spaghetti
early prophase
a cell in which the chromosomes appear as a loose knot in the center of the cell. the nuclear membrane, if still present, is indistinct. the nucleolus may start to fade
late prophase
a cell in which the chromosomes are aligned in the equatorial plane of the cell
metaphase
a cell in which the chromatids are moving to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
a cell in which the chromatids, though fairly distinct are close to the opposite poles of the cell. a cell plate may be forming at the middle of the cell
telophase
two cells that appear to have finished dividing recently
cytokinesis
instrument that is used in science laboratories to visualize objects which are otherwise very small to observe with the naked eye
microscope
magnifies the image of the specimen; it is where the viewer looks through to view the object placed on the stage
eye piece
the tube that holds the eyepiece lens
eye piece sleeve
controls the objective lens up and down for quick focusing; it is used on lower magnification
coarse adjustment knob
a slow but precise control to focus the image at higher magnification
fine adjustment knob
the platform where slides are placed
stage
hold the slide on the stage
stage clips
keeps the objective above the platform
arm
ensures the microscope’s stability
base
a light reflector to allow the observer to view the specimen
mirror
focuses the light on the specific part of the slide that is being studied
condenser
an internal sleeve that keeps the eyepiece and the rotating nosepiece in place
body tube
allows the choice of objectives needed for the study
rotating nosepiece
lenses that magnify objects in different magnification
levels
objectives
has a total magnification of 40x; provides a general overview of the slide; striped with a red band
scanner
has a total magnification of 100x; best for observing and analyzing the slide without getting too close; striped with a yellow band
lpo
has a total magnification of 400x; provides a detailed view of the specimen; striped with a light blue band
hpo
has a total magnification of 1000x; has the most powerful magnification; requires immersion oil; striped with a white band
oio
cell wall is present outside the cell membrane; the building blocks of plants
plant cells
the layer outside the cell membrane that protects the cell and gives it structure; separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment
cell wall
acts as storage for any hereditary information such as DNA
nucleus
an organelle within the nucleus which produces ribosomes and proteins
nucleolus
composed of RNA and proteins; protein factory of the cell
ribosomes
an organelle that is in charge of photosynthesis as it absorbs sunlight and utilizes its energy to produce CO2 and glucose
chloroplast
a semi-permeable membrane which acts as an entry and exit point for the cell
cell membrane
a liquid component which helps in maintaining the shape of the cell; a medium for organelle movements around the cell
cytoplasm
a smooth organelle that contains no ribosomes that are responsible for producing lipids and distributing it
smooth er
a rough organelle that is bounded by ribosomes; responsible for producing proteins and packaging them
rough er
responsible for dispersing synthesized macromolecules to different cell regions
golgi apparatus
maintains turgor pressure on the cell wall
central vacuole
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
known as suicidal bags because they contain digestive enzymes within an enclosed membrane
lysosome
who discovered the cell cycle
alma howard and stephen pelc
the period before DNA synthesis begins and where the cell increases in size
G1 phase
it is responsible for the synthesis or replication of the DNA
S phase
the eukaryotic cell separates the nuclear DNA and chromosomes and divides into two different but similar sets of nuclei
M phase
division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei
mitosis
refers to the various chemical compounds that are present in plants
plant chemical composition
big macromolecules that plays an important role in growth and development; referred to as the body’s building blocks
proteins
in this test, the appearance of bluish-violet color confirms the presence of proteins
biuret test
in this test, the appearance of yellow color confirms the presence of proteins
xanthoproteic test
in this test, the appearance of brick red color confirms the presence of proteins
millions test
in this test, the appearance of deep blue or purple color confirms the presence of proteins
ninhydrin test
creates a direct link between the sun and chemical energy
carbohydrates
these are fatty or waxy substances your body makes that don’t dissolve in water; they work as an energy storage or as plant membrane in plants
lipids
in this test, if the sample is miscible with chloroform and immiscible with water the fat presence is confirmed
solubility test
in this test, if there is presence of translucent spot then the presence of fats is confirmed
translucent spot test
in this test, if there is a pungent irritating odor then the presence of fats or oil is confirmed
acrolein test
the passage of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
osmosis
the process by which water molecules enter the cell
endosmosis
the process by which water molecules exit the cell
exosmosis
higher solute in solution than in cell; water moves out of the cell
hypertonic
equal amounts of solute in cell and solution; water moves into and out of the cell at the same time
isotonic
lower solute in solution than in cell; water moves into the cell
hypotonic
the contracting or shrinking of a plant cell’s protoplasm as a result of the loss of water in the cell when placed in a hypertonic solution
plasmolysis
latin word meaning matrix
plasma
greek word meaning loosening
lysis
due to the loss of water, the protoplasm and plasma membrane shrink away from the cell wall.
concave plasmolysis
the cell membrane and protoplasm entirely separate from the cell wall; irreversible and leads to the cell’s destruction
convex plasmolysis
the phenomenon in which a cell swells and its turgor pressure increases from the absorption of water due to osmosis; occurs when the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution
turgidity
a type of autochory in which seeds are dispersed in an explosive manner
ballochory
able to control the entering and exiting of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water from leaves
guard cells
allows the passage of water molecules but restricts the movement of larger solute
semi-permeable membrane
difference in solute concentration; sets the stage of the movement of water
concentration gradient
small and can move freely through the cell membrane
water movement
moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
passive movement
including ions and sugars, dissolved in the cell’s cytoplasm
solute particles
internal pressure; accumulates in the central vacuole and pushes against the cell wall
turgor pressure
solute concentrations are balanced; no net movement of water
osmotic equilibrium
prevents the cell from bursting
cell wall
means small
mikros
means look at
skopeo
invented practical microscopes; discovery of bacteria; “free cells” with nucleus (red blood cell)
anton van leeuwenhoek
discovered the cell; invented compound microscope in 1665
robert hooke
controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen
diaphragm
ability of the microscope to enlarge an image
magnification
organisms that are made up of large and complex cells (e.g. animals and plant cells)
eukaryotic cells
made up of small and simple cells; no nucleus but have nucleoid (e.g. bacteria)
prokaryotic cells
the cementing substance between cells; consist of cellulose and pectate that put adjacent cell together; located between two primary cell walls
middle lamella
plastid or organelle that contains starch
amyloplast
responsible for colors of the fruits and the flower of the plant
anthocyanin
growth, synthesis of materials that will be needed for cell division, specifically proteins that would make up spindle fibers
G2 phase
responsible for the separation of genetic material, facilitating their arrival to the opposite poles
microtubules
region responsible for cell division; microtubules-organizing region
centrosome
partition in the cytoplasm; leads to division of original cell into two daughter cells
cell plates
transport cells in vascular plants; helps in water and minerals transportation from roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant
xylem
they transport food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plants
phloem
