Plant Vegetative Flashcards
flattened outgrowth of stem
leaves
part of leaf attached to the stem or branch; protects a bud in its axil
leaf base
part of leaf that connects the lamina with the stem
petiole
leaf that does not have a petiole
sessile
food manufacturer of the leaf; has veins; forms structural framework of the leaf
lamina
large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend
midrib
systems of tubes for the transport of nutrients and water
veins
ducts that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf
xylem
ducts that usually move sap
phloem
edges of leaves; assists in plant identification
margins
leaf arranged in a circle around the stem
whorled
undivided blade with a single axillary bud at the base of its petiole
simple leaf
blade divided into leaflets
compound leaf
petioles that are attached to the middle of the blade
peltate leaves
sessile leaves that surround and are pierced by stems
perfoliate leaves
first leaves produced by a germinating seed
cotyledons
leaflets are reduced in size; allows plant to cling other objects
tendrils
skin of the leaf; protects leaf from loss of too much moisture
epidermis
opened and closed by 2 guard cells; allows the plant to breathe and transpire
stoma
movement of water and minerals from the roots upward; movement of manufactured food down
stems
breathing pores of stem
lenticels
indicate where terminal bud has been located previous year
bud scale scars
show where leaf was attached; distance between the two represents one year of growth
leaf scars
separates the xylem and phloem and produces all new cells
cambium
hard, woody, pointed structures developed from terminal/axillary bud
thorns
woody curved sensitive structure formed from axillary/terminal bud
hooks
short underground stem with fleshy leaves attached
bulb
stems that cling to or wrap around other plants or structures
climbing
short, enlarged, underground stem
corm
a horizontal underground stem used mainly in reproduction, but also in storage
rhizome
horizontal, above ground stems to produce new rooted plantlets when they touch the surface
stolons/runners
swollen, underground stems used for storage
tuber
anchor plant and hold upright; absorb water and minerals from soil and conduct to stem
roots
produces new cells; protects roots as they push through soil
root cap
increases surface area of roots; facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients
root hair
easier transplanting
fibrous roots
large central roots with shorter branching roots
tap roots
hang down in mid-air and absorb water from rainfall
aerial roots
grow from unusual places on plants such as stems, leaves and even fruits
adventitious roots
grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil
stilt roots
flowering plants
angiosperm
non flowering plants, usually involves reproduction through seeds
gymnosperms
have one cotyledon
monocots
have two cotyledons
dicots
the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla and a green calyx
flowers
green leaf-like part that covers and protects bud before opening
calyx/sepal
colorful and advertise the flower to pollinators
petals
has long slender neck (style) with a sticky stigma at its tip
carpel
consists of a stalk (filament) tipped by an anther; male part of flower
stamen
flower stalk
peduncle
part of flower stalk bearing the floral organs, at base of flower
receptacle
all the sepals when formed together
calyx
all the petals when formed together
corolla
the pollen bearing portion of a stamen
anther
grains consisting the male gametes
pollen
female part of the flower; consisting of the stigma, style and ovary
carpel/pistil
often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains
stigma
the stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows
style
enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule/s
ovary
located in the ovaries; carries female gametes
ovule
a flower containing all four modified leaves
complete
a flower that lacks any of the four modified leaves
incomplete
flowers bearing only male sex parts
staminate flowers
flowers bearing only female sex parts
carpellate/pistillate flowers
flowers bearing both male and female sex parts
hermaphhrodite/complete flowers
above the attachment of the petals, sepals and stamens; also an ovary that is free from the hypanthium
superior ovary
petals, sepals and stamens attached at the base of ovary
hypogynous
petals, sepals and stamens on the rim of hypanthium
perigynous
below the attachment of the petals, sepals and stamens; may have hypanthium adnate to top of ovary
inferior ovary
petals, sepals and stamens attached at top of ovary and on the rim of hypanthium
epigynous
cluster of flowers; all flowers arising from the main stem axis or peduncle
inflorescence
the oldest flower terminated the main axis
cyme
just one flower on the peduncle
solitary
the characteristic inflorescence of the remarkable arum family; consists of a thickened, fleshy axis bearing clusters of sessile, apetalous, unisexual flowers
spadix
this inflorescence has an unbranched main acid and all the pedicels of the flowers are more or less the same length
raceme
the peduncle of this type of inflorescence bears all the pedicels at its apex
umbel
the peduncle bears a number of primary pedicels at its apex
compound umbel
this inflorescence type has a long, unbranched main axis which bears flowers which have no pedicels or very short pedicels
spike
do not have pedicels; grouped together on the top of a peduncle which may be flattened or rounded
head
similar to raceme, but the pedicels of the flowers are of unequal length so that the entire structure appears flat-topped
corymb
like a spike, but with the flowers and inflorescence subtended by specialized bracts
spikelet
the flowers are borne in a tight circle at each node
verticil
ripened ovule containing the embryo
seed
protects the embryo
seed coat
scar from the seed being attached to the parent plant
hilum
what forms the new plant once the opportune conditions are present
embryo
above the cotyledon
epicotyl
below the cotyledon
hypocotyl
the shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves
plumule
the part of the seed where the root develops
radicle
unspecialized cells that can divide indefinitely to produce new cells; usually found at the apex of root and shoot
meristematic tissues
the region where meristematic cells dwell
meristems
early embryonic meristem from which other advanced meristems are derived
promeristem
give rise to the primary tissue systems
primary meristems
derived from primary meristem permanent tissues that have the capacity of divison
secondary meristem
responsible for the secondary thickening of plant organs
vascular cambium
produce the periderm, secondary dermal tissues
cork cambium
located at the tips of root and shoots of plants
apical meristem
present at the base of leaves, nodes and internodes; help in longitudinal growth of plants
intercalary meristem
lies on the side of the plant’s body; gives the plant its width or girth
lateral meristems
