plant system

Question 1

Root

Answer 1

the root system is essential to both stability and the intake of water and other minerals from the soil

it has a high surface area to volume to ratio for osmosis. extra root hairs help with this

Question 2

extracellular pathway

Answer 2

water and solutes in it diffuses into the roots in the gaps between cells. Once the water reaches the hydrophobic Casparian strip, the water and solutes are forced to enter cells, so plasma membranes can selectively transport specific substances into the xylem.

Question 3

Cytoplasmic pathway

Answer 3

mineral ions (and a small amount of water) either passively diffuse into the cytoplasm or are taken up via active transport in root hair cells. Because of uptake via active transport, the concentration of ions within the cytoplasm of root hair cells is often 100x greater than the concentration of similar ions in the groundwater and soil.

Question 4

Vascular tissue

Answer 4

specialized tubular tissue for transporting water and nutrients

consists of two types xylem and pholem

Question 5

Xylem structure

Answer 5

carry water and mineral from the soil to the plant only moving in one direction.

made up of both vessel element cells and tracheid cells.

both cells are hollow and have cell walls that are strengthened by lignin proteins

between the cells are pits, these are large holes that allow water to move from the root to leaves

Question 6

Phloem structure

Answer 6

Carry sugar and nutrients to the plant. moves in both directions.

Made from living cells arranged end to end

composed of sieve tubes and companion cells

Sieve cells are hollow and they are tube like

in between the sieve cells is a sieve plate that allows substances to pass in between each sieve cell

they are surrounded by companion cells which are active in controlling substances moving in and out.

Question 7

transpiration

Answer 7

When water evaporates from the leaf and exits through the stomata. it requires the energy from the sun.

water sticks together this allows water to move up the xylem without energy. this forced reaction is called capillary action.

Question 8

Stomata

Answer 8

underneath leaves are stomata. these are tiny pores that allow carbon dioxide, oxygen and water to move in and out of the leaf

they open and close based on 2 guard cells

Question 9

guard cells

Answer 9

increase transpiration. Stomamta open. potassium ions are pumped in, water follows via osmosis and the cells become turgid to make an opening. water can leave.

decrease transpiration. Stomata closed.
the reverse occurs to close the stomata, making the guard cells flaccid. Now nothing can enter or leave the cell.

Question 10

Pholem translocation

Answer 10

translocation is the movement of organic materials (sugar and amino acids)

occurs through the phloem and can be active or passive