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Biology 1040 > Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Adventitious Root

A

root that arises from any point other than the radicle (embryonic root) or the root axis of a plant.

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2
Q

Ariel Root

A

a type of root wherein it grows from the stem of the plant, i.e. above the ground.

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3
Q

Annual

A

A plant that completes its life cycle in a single year or growing season.

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4
Q

Apical Dominance

A

the hormonal inhibition of axillary buds by a terminal bud

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5
Q

Axillary Bud

A

An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem.

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6
Q

Bark

A

All the tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant that is growing in thickness.

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7
Q

Biennial

A

A plant that completes its life cycle in two years.

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8
Q

Clone

A

a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell

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9
Q

Collenchyma Cell

A

a cell with a thick primary wall and no secondary wall, functioning mainly in supporting growing parts.

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10
Q

Companion Cell

A

a cell connected to a sieve-tube element whose nucleus and ribosomes provide proteins for the sieve-tube element.

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11
Q

Compound Leaf

A

a leaf where the blade is divided, forming leaflets.

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12
Q

Corm

A

a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought.

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13
Q

Cork

A

The outermost protective layer of a plant’s bark

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14
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Meristematic tissue that produces cork cells during secondary growth of a plant.

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15
Q

Cortex

A

the part of the ground tissue system that is between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.

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16
Q

Cotyledon

A

The first leaf that appears on an embryo of a flowering plant; a seed leaf. Monocot embryos have one; dicot embryos have two.

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17
Q

Dermal Tissue System

A

The outer protective covering of plants.

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18
Q

Determinate Growth

A

Growth that ends after an organisms reaches a certain size, as in most animals.

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19
Q

Dicot

A

the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.

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20
Q

Embryo Sac

A

The female gametophyte contained in the ovule of a flowering plant.

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21
Q

Endodermis

A

The innermost layer (a one-cell-thick cylinder) of the cortex of a plant root; forms a selective barrier determining which substances pass from the cortex into the vascular tissue.

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22
Q

Eudicot

A

Member of a group that consists of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.

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23
Q

Fiber

A

a long, slender sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in a bundle

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24
Q

Fibrous Root

A

Thin, branched roots that arise from the base of the stem

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25
Q

Fragmentation

A

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

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26
Q

Germinate

A

To start developing or growing.

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27
Q

Ground Tissue System

A

A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and is continuous throughout its body.

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28
Q

Guard Cell

A

A specialized epidermal cell in plants that regulates the size of a stoma, allowing gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf.

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29
Q

Heartwood

A

In the center of trees, the darkened, older layers of secondary xylem made up of cells that no longer transport water and are clogged with resins.

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30
Q

Inter-determinate Growth

A

Growth that continues throughout life, as in most plants

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31
Q

Internode

A

The portion of a plant stem between two nodes.

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32
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

Plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells that enable roots and shoots of woody plants to thicken. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems.

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33
Q

Leaves

A

The main site of photosynthesis in a plant

34
Q

Meristem

A

Plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that divide and generate new cells and tissues.

35
Q

Mesophyll

A

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; a leaf’s ground tissue system.

36
Q

Monocot

A

A flowering plant whose embryos have a single seed leaf, or cotyledon.

37
Q

Node

A

The point of attachment of a leaf on a stem.

38
Q

Organ

A

A specialized structure composed of several different types of tissues that together perform specific functions.

39
Q

Palmately Compound

A

has its leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole

40
Q

Parenchyma Cell

A

a relatively unspecialized cell with a thin primary wall and no secondary wall; functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and aerobic respiration.

41
Q

Perennial

A

A plant that lives for many years.

42
Q

Pinnately Compound

A

A leaf which is divided into smaller leaflets, those leaflets arranged on each side of the leaf’s central stalk

43
Q

Pistil

A

Part of the reproductive organ of an angiosperm, a single carpel or a group of fused carpels.

44
Q

Pith

A

Part of the ground tissue system of a dicot plant; fills the center of a stem and may store food.

45
Q

Pnuematophore

A

specialized root structures that grow out from the water surface and facilitate the aeration necessary for root respiration in hydrophytic trees

46
Q

Pollination

A

In seed plants, the delivery by wind or animals of pollen from the pollen-producing parts of a plant to a female cone (in gymnosperms) or the stigma of a carpel (in angiosperms).

47
Q

Primary Growth

A

Growth in the length of a plant root or shoot, produced by an apical meristem.

48
Q

Primary Phloem

A

the type of phloem produced by the primary meristem of a vascular plant.

49
Q

Primary Xylem

A

the xylem that is formed during the primary growth from procambium of apical meristems

50
Q

Prop Root

A

a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground

51
Q

Rhizome

A

A horizontal stem of a plant that grows below the ground.

52
Q

Root Cap

A

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the root’s apical meristem.

53
Q

Root Hair

A

An outgrowth of an epidermal cell on a root, which increases the root’s absorptive surface area.

54
Q

Root System

A

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

55
Q

Sap wood

A

Light-colored, water-conducting secondary xylem in a tree.

56
Q

Sclereid

A

a very hard sclerenchyma cell found in nutshells and seed coats.

57
Q

Schlerenchyma Cell

A

a supportive cell with rigid secondary walls hardened with lignin.

58
Q

Secondary Growth

A

An increase in a plant’s diameter, involving cell division in the vascular cambium and cork cambium.

59
Q

Secondary Phloem

A

A type of phloem plant tissue produced by the vascular cambium during secondary growth.

60
Q

Secondary Xylem

A

A type of xylem plant tissue produced by the vascular cambium during secondary growth.

61
Q

Shoot System

A

All of a plant’s stems, leaves, and reproductive structures.

62
Q

Sieve Plate

A

An end wall in a sieve-tube element that facilitates the flow of phloem sap.

63
Q

Sieve-tube Elements

A

A food-conducting cell in a plant; also called a sieve-tube member. Chains of sieve-tube elements make up phloem tissue.

64
Q

Simple Leaf

A

consists of a single lamina and is not divided into smaller leaflets

65
Q

Spring wood

A

The wood that is produced by a plant in the spring and early summer and consists of large thin-walled xylem cells

66
Q

Stolon

A

a stem that grows along the ground surface.

67
Q

Stem

A

The part of a plant’s shoot system that supports the leaves and reproductive structures.

68
Q

Suberin

A

a cell wall-associated biopolymer found in specific cell types, such as root epidermis, root endodermis

69
Q

Tendril

A

A modified leaf used by some plants to climb around a fixed structure.

70
Q

Terminal Bud

A

Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

71
Q

Tissue

A

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

72
Q

Tissue System

A

The epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue are the three major tissue systems

73
Q

Tracheid

A

A tapered, porous, water-conducting, and supportive cell in plants; make up the water-conducting, supportive tubes in xylem.

74
Q

Tuber

A

An enlargement at the end of a rhizome in which food is stored.

75
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem.

76
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

During secondary growth of a plant, the cylinder of meristematic cells, surrounding the xylem and pith, that produces secondary xylem and phloem.

77
Q

Vascular Cylinder

A

The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a plant root.

78
Q

Vein

A

a vascular bundle in a leaf, composed of xylem and phloem.

79
Q

Vessel Element

A

A short, open-ended, water-conducting, and supportive cell in plants. Chains of vessel elements or tracheids make up the water-conducting, supportive tubes in xylem.

80
Q

Wood

A

Secondary xylem of a plant.

81
Q

Wood Ray

A

A column of parenchyma cells that radiates from the center of a log and transports water to its outer living tissues.

Biology 1040 (6 decks)

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