How Animals Move

Question 1

Acetylcholine

Answer 1

relaxes muscles

Question 2

Actin

Answer 2

A globular protein that links into chains forming microfilaments in muscle cells

Question 3

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 3

the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food.

Question 4

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 4

made up of the bones of the appendages and the bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.

Question 5

Axial skeleton

Answer 5

Components of the skeletal system that support the central trunk of the body

Question 6

ball-and-socket joints

Answer 6

A joint that allows rotation and movement in several planes

Question 7

calcium carbonate

Answer 7

needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart

Question 8

cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Question 9

chitin

Answer 9

A type of polysaccharide that is made by some plants and animals; The hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters, and many insects

Question 10

connectin

Answer 10

elastic protein, which runs parallel to the filament array and links the ends of the thick filaments to the Z disc, maintaining their ends in register with the lattice of thin filaments.

Question 11

endoskeleton

Answer 11

A hard skeleton located within the soft tissues

Question 12

exoskeleton

Answer 12

rigid external skeleton; mostly in arthropods

Question 13

Fibrous joints

Answer 13

the joints in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue. They are called fixed or immovable joints as they do not allow any movement between the bones.

Question 14

hinge joints

Answer 14

joint that allows movement in only one plane

Question 15

hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 15

consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton in most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids

Question 16

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 16

a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP

Question 17

ligaments

Answer 17

strong fibrous connective tissue that hold together the bones of movable joints

Question 18

locomotion

Answer 18

active travel from place to place

Question 19

motor unit

Answer 19

a motoneuron and all of its associated muscle fibers, are the basic functional units of skeletal muscle.

Question 20

muscle fibers

Answer 20

muscle cell

Question 21

myofibrils

Answer 21

A contractile strand in a muscle cell made of sarcomeres

Question 22

myosin

Answer 22

protein filament that interacts with actin filaments causing cell contraction

Question 23

osteoarthritis

Answer 23

a common disease of the joints that primarily occurs in older adults. This condition is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage,

Question 24

osteoblasts

Answer 24

cells that form bone tissue

Question 25

osteoclasts

Answer 25

large multi nucleated cell responsible for the dissolution and absorption of bone.

Question 26

osteocytes

Answer 26

a cell surrounded by mineralized bone,

Question 27

osteoporosis

Answer 27

a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes

Question 28

phosphocreatine

Answer 28

a phosphorylated form of creatine that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle,

Question 29

pivot joints

Answer 29

a joint that allows precise rotations in multiple planes

Question 30

red bone marrow

Answer 30

Found in the cavities at the end of bones and produces red blood cells

Question 31

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 31

Found in the cavities at the end of bones and produces red blood cells

Question 32

sacromere

Answer 32

The fundamental unit of muscle contraction; composed of actin and myosin

Question 33

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

a complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions.

Question 34

sliding filament model

Answer 34

describes the process used by muscles to contract

Question 35

synovial joints

Answer 35

the type of joint found between bones that move against each other,

Question 36

T tubules

Answer 36

a deep invagination of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell.

Question 37

Thick filaments

Answer 37

made up of myosin molecules

Question 38

think filaments

Answer 38

composed primarily of actin molecules

Question 39

tropomyosin

Answer 39

important component of the muscular system which works in conjunction with troponin to regulate muscle contraction.

Question 40

troponin

Answer 40

a calcium-regulatory protein for the calcium regulation of contractile function in skeletal and cardiac muscles

Question 41

yellow bone marrow

Answer 41

A tissue found within the central cavities of long bones; consiting moslty of stored fat