Plant Structure, Growth And Development Flashcards by Sarah Potts

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud.

apical bud

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

apical dominance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly called sac fungus; name comes from the sac-like structure in which the spores develop.

ascomycete

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch; appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

axillary bud

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly called club fungus; name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium.

basidiomycete

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

bundle sheath cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei.

coenocytic fungus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

chitin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early- diverging fungal lineage.

chytrid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

collenchyma cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements.

companion cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.

cork cambium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(1) The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments. (2) In plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.

cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions. (3) A tough coat that covers the body of a nematode.

cuticle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The outer protective covering of plants.

dermal tissue system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.

determinate growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from non-living organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms.

detritivore

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage.

deuteromycete

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The events involved in an organism’s changing gradually from a simple to a more complex or specialized form.

development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder.

endodermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant.

endophyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(1) The dermal tissue system of non-woody-plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. (2) The outermost layer of cells in an animal.

epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.

fibre

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Member of a fungal phylum characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae.

glomeromycete

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

ground tissue system

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

guard cells

One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus.

hypha

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

indeterminate growth

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

internode

In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by another stage.

karyogamy

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; includes vascular cambium and cork cambium.

lateral meristem

A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root.

lateral root

The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.

leaf

A finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises.

leaf primordium

The mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.

lichen

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

meristem

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; in C3 and CAM plants, these cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.

mesophyll

Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium.

mould

Densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus.

mycelium

General term for a fungal infection.

mycosis

Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists.

nucleariid

Member of a diverse clade of organisms descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists.

opisthokont

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism; harm but usually do not kill their host.

parasite

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

parenchyma cell

The outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise.

pericycle

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

periderm

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

petiole

In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species; in animals influences physiology and behaviour.

pheromone

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

pith

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction.

plasmogamy

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.

root cap

A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

root hair

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

root system

A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats; are scattered throughout the parenchyma of some plants.

sclereid

A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

sclerenchyma cell

Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants.

secondary growth

One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells; generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

septum

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

shoot system

An end wall in a sieve-tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve-tubes.

sieve plate

A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms; connected end to end.

sieve-tube element

In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae.

soredium

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

stele

A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.

stem

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

stoma (plural, stomata)

A main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots.

taproot

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

vascular cambium

A transport system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant. Xylem transports water and minerals; phloem transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis.

vascular tissue system

(1) In animals, a vessel that carries blood toward the heart. (2) In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.

vein

A continuous water-conducting micro-pipe found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants.

vessel

A short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants; dead at maturity, they are aligned end to end to form micro-pipes.

vessel element

Single-celled fungus; reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell; many fungal species can grow both as these and as a network of filaments noting relatively few species grow only as these.

yeast

Member of a fungal phylum characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction.

zygomycete

Concept 9.1 Plants have a ___(a)___ organization consisting of ___(b)___, tissues, and cells.

(a) hierarchical (b) organs

Concept 9.2 ___(a)___ generate cells for primary and secondary ___(b)___.

(a) Meristems (b) growth

Concept 9.3 ___(a)___ growth lengthens roots and ___(b)___.

(a) Primary (b) shoots

Concept 9.4 ___(a)___ growth increases the ___(b)___ of stems and roots in woody plants.

(a) Secondary (b) diameter

Concept 9.5 Growth, ___(a)___, and cell differentiation produce the plant ___(b)___.

(a) morphogenesis (b) body

Concept 10.1 Fungi are ___(a)___ that feed by ___(b)___.

(a) heterotrophs (b) absorption

Concept 10.2 Fungi produce ___(a)___ through sexual or ___(b)___ life cycles.

(a) spores (b) asexual

Concept 10.3 The ancestor of fungi was an ___(a)___, single-celled, flagellated ___(b)___.

(a) aquatic (b) protist

Concept 10.4 Fungi have ___(a)___ into a diverse set of ___(b)___.

(a) radiated (b) lineages

Concept 10.5 Fungi play key roles in ___(a)___ cycling, ___(b)___ interactions, and human welfare.

(a) nutrient (b) ecological

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) the thickness of the cell wall of sclerenchyma. (B) the thickness of the cell wall of parenchyma. A. Item (A) is greater than item (B). B. Item (A) is less than item (B). C. Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D. Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). E. None of these.

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) the number of vessel elements in a eudicot root cap. (B) the number of vessel elements in a eudicot stem. A. Item (A) is greater than item (B). B. Item (A) is less than item (B). C. Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D. Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). E. None of these.

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? A. root hair – dermal tissue. B. palisade parenchyma – ground tissue. C. guard cell – dermal tissue. D. companion cell – ground tissue. E. tracheid – vascular tissue.

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? A. root hairs. B. cuticle. C. periderm. D. pith. E. phloem.

What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest? A. closing of the stomata. B. lateral buds. C. apical dominance. D. absence of petioles. E. intercalary meristems.

Land plants are composed of all the following tissue types except A. mesodermal. B. epidermal. C. meristematic. D. vascular. E. ground tissue.

__________ is to xylem as __________ is to phloem. A. Sclerenchyma cell; parenchyma cell. B. Apical meristem; vascular cambium. C. Vessel element; sieve-tube member. D. Cortex; pith. E. Vascular cambium; cork cambium.

CO2 enters the inner the inner spaces of the leaf through the A. cuticle. B. epidermal trichomes. C. stoma. D. phloem. E. walls of guard cells.

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the A. cortex. B. stele. C. endodermis. D. periderm. E. pith.

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that A. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. B. the cells of roots have cell walls and leaf cells do not. C. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots. D. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. E. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system; several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A. herbaceous eudicot. B. woody eudicot. C. woody monocot. D. herbaceous monocot. E. woody annual.

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to A. cell division at the shoot apical meristem. B. cell elongation directly behind the shoot apical meristem. C. cell division localized in each internode. D. cell elongation localized in each internode. E. A and B only.

Based on parts of a growing primary root: I. root cap; II. zone of elongation; III. zone of cell division; IV. zone of cell maturation; V. apical meristem – which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? A. I, II, V, III, IV. B. III, V, I, II, IV. C. II, IV, I, V, III. D. IV, II, III, I, V. E. I, V, III, II, IV.

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? A. endodermis. B. phloem. C. cortex. D. epidermis. E. pericycle.

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called A. hairs. B. xylem cells. C. phloem cells. D. stomata. E. sclereids.

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants? A. Only primary growth is localized at meristems. B. Some plants lack secondary growth. C. Only stems have secondary growth. D. Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures. E. Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now __________ meters above the ground. A. 0.5. B. 1.5. C. 3.0. D. 15.0. E. 28.5.

Which of the following is a true statement? A. Flowers may have secondary growth. B. Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves. C. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. D. Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. E. Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

The vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of A. 3 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem. B. 2 rings of xylem and 2 of phloem. C. 2 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem. D. 2 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem. E. 3 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem.

Which of the following is true of bark? A. It is composed of phloem plus periderm. B. It is associated with annuals but not perennials. C. It is formed by the apical meristems. D. It has no identifiable function in trees. E. It forms annual rings in deciduous trees.