Bacteria, Archae And Protists Flashcards
A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains.
anaerobic respiration
Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true?
1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents;
2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs;
3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earth’s seas and atmosphere;
4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans;
5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the colour of seawater.
A. 1 and 4.
B. 1, 2, and 4.
C. 2, 3, and 4.
D. 2, 3, and 5.
E. 3, 4, and 5.
D.
A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
A. red.
B. green.
C. brown.
D. yellow.
E. none of these.
C.
You are designing an artificial drug-delivery ʺcellʺ that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?
A. pseudopods.
B. apical complex.
C. excavated feeding grooves. D. nucleomorphs.
E. mitosomes.
B.
You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (e.g. 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of these structures would you provide your protist? 1. Hydrogenosome; 2. Apicoplast; 3. Pseudopods; 4. Chloroplast from red alga; 5. Chloroplast from green alga.
A. 1 and 2. B. 2 and 3. C. 2 and 4. D. 3 and 4. E. 4 and 5.
D.
Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?
A. diplomonads – micronuclei involved in conjugation.
B. ciliates – pseudopods.
C. apicomplexans – parasitic.
D. gymnamoebas – calcium carbonate test. E. foraminiferans – abundant in soils.
C.
Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime moulds, such as Dictyostelium?
A. prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
B. plant or animal.
C. unicellular or multicellular.
D. diploid or haploid.
E. autotroph or heterotroph.
C.
Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?
A. golden algae.
B. radiolarians.
C. foraminiferans.
D. apicomplexans.
E. green algae.
E.
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?
A. red algae.
B. brown algae.
C. green algae.
D. dinoflagellates.
E. golden algae.
A.
The chloroplasts of all of the following are derived from ancestral red algae, except those of
A. golden algae.
B. diatoms.
C. dinoflagellates.
D. green algae.
E. brown algae.
D.
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
A. cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants.
B. cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants.
C. red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants. D. red algae → cyanobacteria → land plants.
E. cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants.
A.
A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?
A. diatoms.
B. foraminiferans.
C. radiolarians.
D. gymnamoebas.
E. ciliates.
B.
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9+2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?
A. How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glass-like valves?
B. How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water’s surface layers
to another location on the surface?
C. How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit
waters?
D. How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action
of waves?
E. How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?
C.
Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?
A. radiolarians and forams.
B. gymnamoebas.
C. entamoebas.
D. amoeboid stage of cellular slime moulds.
E. oomycetes.
A.
The Irish potato famine was caused by an organism that belongs to which group?
A. ciliates.
B. oomycetes.
C. diatoms.
D. apicomplexans.
E. dinoflagellates.
B.
You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?
A. foraminiferans. B. radiolarians. C. ciliates.
D. kinetoplastids. E. slime moulds.
C.
Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans?
A. red algae.
B. dinoflagellates. C. diplomonads. D. euglenids.
E. golden algae.
B.
A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong?
A. monera.
B. the diplomonads. C. the ciliates.
D. Protista.
E. the euglenids.
B.
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
A. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions.
B. from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes.
C. by secondary endosymbiosis.
D. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial
membranes.
E. when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont.
B.
Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion?
A. Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans.
B. Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors.
C. The eukaryotic condition has evolved only once among the protists, and all
eukaryotes are descendants of that first eukaryotic cell.
D. Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes.
E. Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but
these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.
E.
Protists are alike in that all are A. unicellular.
B. eukaryotic.
C. symbionts.
D. monophyletic.
E. autotrophic.
B.
Which statement about gram-negative bacteria is correct?
A. Penicillins are the best antibiotics to use against them.
B. They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides.
C. Their chromosomes are composed of DNA tightly wrapped around large
amounts of histone proteins.
D. Their cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan. E. None of these are correct.
B.
How can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans? A. Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass.
B. Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats.
C. Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism.
D. Only A and B are correct. E. A, B, and C are correct.
E.
In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf’s non-living, waxy covering, while inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here? Use only those that apply. 1. Nutrient recycler; 2. Mutualist; 3. Commensal; 4. Parasite; 5. Primary producer.
A. 1, 3, 4. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 2, 4, 1. D. 1, 2, 5. E. 1, 2, 3.
C.
