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Ecology And Biodiversity > Overview Of Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Overview Of Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

A

acoelomate

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2
Q

A complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

A member of a group of shelled cephalopods that were important marine predators for hundreds of millions of years until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period (65.5 million years ago).

A

ammonite

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4
Q

Member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid- filled amnion, that protect the embryo; include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles.

A

amniote

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5
Q

An egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection, nourishment, and gas exchange; allowed embryos to develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, thus reducing dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction.

A

amniotic egg

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6
Q

A cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals; depending on species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibres, fight infections, or change into other cell types.

A

amoebocyte

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7
Q

Member of a tetrapod class that includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

A

amphibian

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8
Q

The structure of an organism.

A

anatomy

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9
Q

Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

A

anterior

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10
Q

Member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans).

A

anthropoid

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11
Q

A member of a major arthropod group, the chelicerates; include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.

A

arachnid

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12
Q

Member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators and dinosaurs, including birds.

A

archosaur

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13
Q

A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs.

A

arthropod

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14
Q

The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature.

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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15
Q

Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.

A

bilateral symmetry

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16
Q

Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.

A

bilaterian

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17
Q

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

A

bioenergetics

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18
Q

A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

A

body cavity

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19
Q

In multicellular eukaryotes, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole – the living organism.

A

body plan

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20
Q

An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

A

book lung

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21
Q

An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body.

A

cephalization

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22
Q

One of a pair of claw-like feeding appendages characteristic of chelicerates.

A

chelicera

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23
Q

An arthropod that has a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen; include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.

A

chelicerate

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24
Q

A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.

A

choanocyte

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25
Q

Member of a class of vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.

A

chondrichthyan

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26
Q

Member of a phylum of animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.

A

chordate

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27
Q

(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts zygote to ball of cells.

A

Cleavage

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28
Q

A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defence.

A

cnidocyte

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29
Q

A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm.

A

coelom

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30
Q

An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).

A

coelomate

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31
Q

The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment than the larva.

A

complete metamorphosis

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32
Q

An animal for which an internal condition complies with (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable.

A

conformer

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33
Q

Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities.

A

copepod

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34
Q

The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions; example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

A

counter-current exchange

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35
Q

A chordate with a head.

A

craniate

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36
Q

A member of a subphylum of mostly aquatic arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.

A

crustacean

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37
Q

A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, and shrimps.

A

decapod

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38
Q

Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull; include the lepidosaurs and archosaurs.

A

diapsid

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39
Q

Pertaining to the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry.

A

dorsal

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40
Q

A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system and, in larvae, bilateral symmetry; include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.

A

echinoderm

41
Q

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation.

A

Ectothermic

42
Q

An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old.

A

Ediacaran biota

43
Q

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism; this heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.

A

Endothermic

44
Q

Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.

A

Eumetazoan

45
Q

Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

A

Eutherian

46
Q

A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.

A

Exoskeleton

47
Q

(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement.

A

Foot

48
Q

Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.

A

Gnathostome

49
Q

An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.

A

Hermaphrodite

50
Q

An insect or closely related wingless, six-legged arthropod.

A

Hexapod

51
Q

A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal.

A

Hibernation

52
Q

The steady-state physiological condition of the body

A

Homeostasis

53
Q

A member of the human branch of the evolutionary tree; include Homo sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.

A

Hominin

54
Q

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in co-ordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions; the nymph goes through a series of moults, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size.

A

incomplete metamorphosis

56
Q

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition
A. from organic matter.
B. by preying on animals.
C. by ingesting it.
D. by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. E. by using enzymes to digest their food.

A

C.

57
Q

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. cells that have mitochondria.
B. nervous conduction and muscular movement C. the structural carbohydrate, chitin.
D. heterotrophy. E. both A and C.

A

B.

58
Q

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A. mass extinction.
B. evolutionary stasis.
C. adaptive radiation.
D. A and B only. E. A, B, and C.

A

C.

59
Q

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. Tetrapods; 2. Vertebrates; 3. Deuterostomes; 4. Amniotes; 5. Bilaterians.
A. 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1. B. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4. C. 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1. D. 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1. E. 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4.

A

B.

60
Q

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also A. triploblastic.
B. a deuterostome.
C. eucoelomate.
D. the product of metamorphosis. E. highly cephalized.

A

A.

61
Q

What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal’s development? 1. Gastrulation; 2. Metamorphosis; 3. Fertilization; 4. Cleavage.
A. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1. B. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2. C. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1. D. 3 → 4 → 2 → 1. E. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2.

A

E.

62
Q

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. Ecdysozoan; 2. Protostome; 3. Eumetazoan; 4. Triploblastic.
A. 4, 2, 3, 1. B. 4, 3, 1, 2. C. 3, 4, 1, 2. D. 3, 4, 2, 1. E. 4, 3, 2, 1.

A

D.

63
Q

Phylogenetic trees are best described as
A. true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships.
B. hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships.
C. the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. D. theories of evolution.
E. the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.

A

B.

64
Q

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?
1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi; 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect; 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic; 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means; 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
A. 5.
B. 1, 3. C. 2, 4. D. 3, 5. E. 3, 4, 5.

A

D.

65
Q

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?
A. metazoan and eumetazoan.
B. radial and bilateral.
C. true coelom and pseudocoelom.
D. protostome and deuterostome.
E. moulting and lack of moulting.

A

D.

66
Q

Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A. scales.
B. jaws.
C. vertebrae.
D. dorsal, hollow nerve cord. E. four-chambered heart.

A

D.

67
Q

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A. phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.
B. contention that birds are much older than we originally thought.
C. claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D. idea that the first birds were ratites.
E. hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

A

A.

68
Q

Which is characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals?
A. a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
B. giving birth to live young (viviparous).
C. parental care of offspring.
D. having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring. E. using the rib cage to assist in ventilating the lungs.

A

B.

69
Q

Which of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are non-craniates; 2. Craniates’ genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors; 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade; 4. Pharyngeal slits that can assist in gas exchange originated in craniates; 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
A. 1 only.
B. 1 and 3.
C. 2, 4, and 5.
D. 1, 2, 4, and 5.
E. 1, 3, 4, and 5.

A

D.

70
Q

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in
A. lacking jaws.
B. having a cranium.
C. having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits.
D. having a notochord throughout life.
E. having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

A

E.

71
Q

According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of
A. scales of the lower lip.
B. skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C. one or more gill slits.
D. one or more of the bones of the cranium.
E. one or more of the vertebrae.

A

B.

72
Q

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least inclusive (i.e. most specific). 1. Lobe-fins; 2. Amphibians; 3. Gnathostomes; 4. Osteichthyans; 5. Tetrapods.
A. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2.
B. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.
C. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.
D. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2.
E. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2.

A

D.

73
Q

Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant (non-extinct) vertebrates? A. ray-finned fishes.
B. birds.
C. amphibians.
D. non-bird reptiles. E. mammals.

A

A.

74
Q

Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
A. hominoids. B. Homo.
C. anthropoids.
D. hominins.
E. primates.

A

C.

75
Q

Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions?
A. Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant.
B. Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant.
C. Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more
abundant.
D. Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E. Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring’s structures will
become more abundant.

A

C.

76
Q

Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,
A. the environment imposes identical problems on all animals regardless of where
they are found.
B. the evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its ability to learn.
C. the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. D. short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by
physiological organ systems.
E. the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary
origin.

A

D.

77
Q

A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the gut is
A. decreased oxygen demand due to the lack of oxygen in foods.
B. increased exchange surface provided by their membranes.
C. greater numbers of cell organelles contained within their cytoplasm. D. greater protection due to increased cellular mass.
E. lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperation between cells.

A

B.

78
Q

Concept 12.12 ___(a)___ requirements are related to animal size, activity, and ___(b)___.

A

(a) Energy
(b) environment

79
Q

Concept 12.11 ___(a)___ processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and ___(b)___.

A

(a) Homeostatic

(b) behaviour

80
Q

Concept 12.10 ___(a)___ control maintains the ___(b)___ environment in many animals.

A

(a) Feedback

(b) internal

81
Q

Concept 12.9 Animal form and function are ___(a)___ at all levels of ___(b)___.

A

(a) correlated
(b) organisation

82
Q

Concept 12.8 Humans are mammals that have a large ___(a)___ and ___(b)___ locomotion.

A

(a) brain

(b) bipedal

83
Q

Concept 12.7 Mammals are ___(a)___ that have hair and produce ___(b)___.

A

(a) amniotes

(b) milk

84
Q

What are (a) and (b) in the following statement?
Concept 12.6 Amniotes are ___(a)___ that have a terrestrially adapted ___(b)___.

A

(a) tetrapods

(b) egg

85
Q

Concept 12.5 Tetrapods are ___(a)___ that have ___(b)___.

A

(a) gnathostomes

(b) limbs

86
Q

Concept 12.4 Gnathostomes are ___(a)___ that have ___(b)___.

A

(a) vertebrates

(b) jaws

87
Q

Concept 12.3 Vertebrates are ___(a)___ that have a ___(b)___.

A

(a) craniates
(b) backbone

88
Q

Concept 12.2 Craniates are ___(a)___ that have a ___(b)___.

A

(a) chordates

(b) head

89
Q

Concept 12.1 Chordates have a ___(a)___ and a ___(b)___, hollow nerve cord.

A

(a) notochord

(b) dorsal

90
Q

Concept 11.9 ___(a)___ and ___(b)___ are deutrostomes.

A

(a) Echinoderms

(b) chordates

91
Q

Concept 11.8 Ecdysozoans are the most ___(a)___ animal ___(b)___.

A

(a) species-rich

(b) group

92
Q

Concept 11.7 Lophotrochozoans, a ___(a)___ identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal ___(b)___ forms.

A

(a) clade
(b) body

93
Q

Concept 11.6 ___(a)___ are an ancient ___(b)___ of eumetazoans.

A

(a) Cnidarians

(b) phylum

94
Q

Concept 11.5 Sponges are ___(a)___ animals that lack true ___(b)___.

A

(a) basal
(b) tissues

95
Q

Concept 11.4 New views of animal ___(a)___ are emerging from ___(b)___ data.

A

(a) phylogeny

(b) molecular

96
Q

Concept 11.3 ___(a)___ can be characterized by “body ___(b)___”.

A

(a) Animals

(b) plans

97
Q

Concept 11.2 The history of ___(a)___ spans more than half a ___(b)___ years.

A

(a) animals

(b) billion

98
Q

Concept 11.2 The history of ___(a)___ spans more than half a ___(b)___ years.

A

(a) animals

(b) billion

99
Q

Concept 11.1 Animals are multicellular ___(a)___ eukaryotes with tissues that develop from ___(b)___ layers.

A

(a) heterotrophic

(b) embryonic

Ecology And Biodiversity (9 decks)

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