Overview Of Animal Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.
A
acoelomate
2
Q
A complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
A
alimentary canal
3
Q
A member of a group of shelled cephalopods that were important marine predators for hundreds of millions of years until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period (65.5 million years ago).
A
ammonite
4
Q
Member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid- filled amnion, that protect the embryo; include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles.
A
amniote
5
Q
An egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection, nourishment, and gas exchange; allowed embryos to develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, thus reducing dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction.
A
amniotic egg
6
Q
A cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals; depending on species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibres, fight infections, or change into other cell types.
A
amoebocyte
7
Q
Member of a tetrapod class that includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
A
amphibian
8
Q
The structure of an organism.
A
anatomy
9
Q
Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
A
anterior
10
Q
Member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans).
A
anthropoid
11
Q
A member of a major arthropod group, the chelicerates; include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.
A
arachnid
12
Q
Member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators and dinosaurs, including birds.
A
archosaur
13
Q
A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs.
A
arthropod
14
Q
The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature.
A
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
15
Q
Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
A
bilateral symmetry
16
Q
Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
A
bilaterian
17
Q
(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.
A
bioenergetics
18
Q
A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall.
A
body cavity
19
Q
In multicellular eukaryotes, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole – the living organism.
A
body plan
20
Q
An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
A
book lung
21
Q
An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body.
A
cephalization
22
Q
One of a pair of claw-like feeding appendages characteristic of chelicerates.
A
chelicera
23
Q
An arthropod that has a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen; include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.
A
chelicerate
24
Q
A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.
A
choanocyte
25
Member of a class of vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.
chondrichthyan
26
Member of a phylum of animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
chordate
27
(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts zygote to ball of cells.
Cleavage
28
A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defence.
cnidocyte
29
A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm.
coelom
30
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).
coelomate
31
The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment than the larva.
complete metamorphosis
32
An animal for which an internal condition complies with (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable.
conformer
33
Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities.
copepod
34
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions; example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood.
counter-current exchange
35
A chordate with a head.
craniate
36
A member of a subphylum of mostly aquatic arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.
crustacean
37
A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, and shrimps.
decapod
38
Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull; include the lepidosaurs and archosaurs.
diapsid
39
Pertaining to the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry.
dorsal
40
A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system and, in larvae, bilateral symmetry; include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.
echinoderm
41
Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation.
Ectothermic
42
An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old.
Ediacaran biota
43
Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism; this heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.
Endothermic
44
Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
Eumetazoan
45
Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
Eutherian
46
A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
Exoskeleton
47
(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement.
Foot
48
Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.
Gnathostome
49
An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
Hermaphrodite
50
An insect or closely related wingless, six-legged arthropod.
Hexapod
51
A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal.
Hibernation
52
The steady-state physiological condition of the body
Homeostasis
53
A member of the human branch of the evolutionary tree; include Homo sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.
Hominin
54
The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in co-ordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamus
55
A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions; the nymph goes through a series of moults, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size.
incomplete metamorphosis
56
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition
A. from organic matter.
B. by preying on animals.
C. by ingesting it.
D. by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. E. by using enzymes to digest their food.
C.
57
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. cells that have mitochondria.
B. nervous conduction and muscular movement C. the structural carbohydrate, chitin.
D. heterotrophy. E. both A and C.
B.
58
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A. mass extinction.
B. evolutionary stasis.
C. adaptive radiation.
D. A and B only. E. A, B, and C.
C.
59
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. Tetrapods; 2. Vertebrates; 3. Deuterostomes; 4. Amniotes; 5. Bilaterians.
A. 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1. B. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4. C. 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1. D. 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1. E. 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4.
B.
60
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also A. triploblastic.
B. a deuterostome.
C. eucoelomate.
D. the product of metamorphosis. E. highly cephalized.
A.
61
What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal’s development? 1. Gastrulation; 2. Metamorphosis; 3. Fertilization; 4. Cleavage.
A. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1. B. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2. C. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1. D. 3 → 4 → 2 → 1. E. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2.
E.
62
With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. Ecdysozoan; 2. Protostome; 3. Eumetazoan; 4. Triploblastic.
A. 4, 2, 3, 1. B. 4, 3, 1, 2. C. 3, 4, 1, 2. D. 3, 4, 2, 1. E. 4, 3, 2, 1.
D.
63
Phylogenetic trees are best described as
A. true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships.
B. hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships.
C. the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. D. theories of evolution.
E. the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.
B.
64
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?
1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi; 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect; 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic; 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means; 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
A. 5.
B. 1, 3. C. 2, 4. D. 3, 5. E. 3, 4, 5.
D.
65
Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?
A. metazoan and eumetazoan.
B. radial and bilateral.
C. true coelom and pseudocoelom.
D. protostome and deuterostome.
E. moulting and lack of moulting.
D.
66
Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A. scales.
B. jaws.
C. vertebrae.
D. dorsal, hollow nerve cord. E. four-chambered heart.
D.
67
Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A. phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.
B. contention that birds are much older than we originally thought.
C. claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D. idea that the first birds were ratites.
E. hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.
A.
68
Which is characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals?
A. a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
B. giving birth to live young (viviparous).
C. parental care of offspring.
D. having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring. E. using the rib cage to assist in ventilating the lungs.
B.
69
Which of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are non-craniates; 2. Craniates’ genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors; 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade; 4. Pharyngeal slits that can assist in gas exchange originated in craniates; 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
A. 1 only.
B. 1 and 3.
C. 2, 4, and 5.
D. 1, 2, 4, and 5.
E. 1, 3, 4, and 5.
D.
70
Lampreys differ from hagfishes in
A. lacking jaws.
B. having a cranium.
C. having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits.
D. having a notochord throughout life.
E. having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.
E.
71
According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of
A. scales of the lower lip.
B. skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C. one or more gill slits.
D. one or more of the bones of the cranium.
E. one or more of the vertebrae.
B.
72
Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least inclusive (i.e. most specific). 1. Lobe-fins; 2. Amphibians; 3. Gnathostomes; 4. Osteichthyans; 5. Tetrapods.
A. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2.
B. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.
C. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.
D. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2.
E. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2.
D.
73
Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant (non-extinct) vertebrates? A. ray-finned fishes.
B. birds.
C. amphibians.
D. non-bird reptiles. E. mammals.
A.
74
Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
A. hominoids. B. Homo.
C. anthropoids.
D. hominins.
E. primates.
C.
75
Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions?
A. Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant.
B. Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant.
C. Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more
abundant.
D. Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E. Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring’s structures will
become more abundant.
C.
76
Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,
A. the environment imposes identical problems on all animals regardless of where
they are found.
B. the evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its ability to learn.
C. the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. D. short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by
physiological organ systems.
E. the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary
origin.
D.
77
A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the gut is
A. decreased oxygen demand due to the lack of oxygen in foods.
B. increased exchange surface provided by their membranes.
C. greater numbers of cell organelles contained within their cytoplasm. D. greater protection due to increased cellular mass.
E. lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperation between cells.
B.
78
Concept 12.12 ___(a)___ requirements are related to animal size, activity, and ___(b)___.
(a) Energy
(b) environment
79
Concept 12.11 ___(a)___ processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and ___(b)___.
(a) Homeostatic
(b) behaviour
80
Concept 12.10 ___(a)___ control maintains the ___(b)___ environment in many animals.
(a) Feedback
(b) internal
81
Concept 12.9 Animal form and function are ___(a)___ at all levels of ___(b)___.
(a) correlated
(b) organisation
82
Concept 12.8 Humans are mammals that have a large ___(a)___ and ___(b)___ locomotion.
(a) brain
(b) bipedal
83
Concept 12.7 Mammals are ___(a)___ that have hair and produce ___(b)___.
(a) amniotes
(b) milk
84
What are (a) and (b) in the following statement?
Concept 12.6 Amniotes are ___(a)___ that have a terrestrially adapted ___(b)___.
(a) tetrapods
(b) egg
85
Concept 12.5 Tetrapods are ___(a)___ that have ___(b)___.
(a) gnathostomes
(b) limbs
86
Concept 12.4 Gnathostomes are ___(a)___ that have ___(b)___.
(a) vertebrates
(b) jaws
87
Concept 12.3 Vertebrates are ___(a)___ that have a ___(b)___.
(a) craniates
(b) backbone
88
Concept 12.2 Craniates are ___(a)___ that have a ___(b)___.
(a) chordates
(b) head
89
Concept 12.1 Chordates have a ___(a)___ and a ___(b)___, hollow nerve cord.
(a) notochord
(b) dorsal
90
Concept 11.9 ___(a)___ and ___(b)___ are deutrostomes.
(a) Echinoderms
(b) chordates
91
Concept 11.8 Ecdysozoans are the most ___(a)___ animal ___(b)___.
(a) species-rich
(b) group
92
Concept 11.7 Lophotrochozoans, a ___(a)___ identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal ___(b)___ forms.
(a) clade
(b) body
93
Concept 11.6 ___(a)___ are an ancient ___(b)___ of eumetazoans.
(a) Cnidarians
(b) phylum
94
Concept 11.5 Sponges are ___(a)___ animals that lack true ___(b)___.
(a) basal
(b) tissues
95
Concept 11.4 New views of animal ___(a)___ are emerging from ___(b)___ data.
(a) phylogeny
(b) molecular
96
Concept 11.3 ___(a)___ can be characterized by “body ___(b)___”.
(a) Animals
(b) plans
97
Concept 11.2 The history of ___(a)___ spans more than half a ___(b)___ years.
(a) animals
(b) billion
98
Concept 11.2 The history of ___(a)___ spans more than half a ___(b)___ years.
(a) animals
(b) billion
99
Concept 11.1 Animals are multicellular ___(a)___ eukaryotes with tissues that develop from ___(b)___ layers.
(a) heterotrophic
(b) embryonic
