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combined biology > plant structure and their functions > Flashcards

plant structure and their functions Flashcards

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1
Q

describe photosynthetic organisms as the main producers of food and therefore biomass

A
  • use energy from the sun to make glucose
  • larger complex molecules needed for plant or algae to grow = makes up biomass (mass of living material)
  • energy stored in biomass works through food chain
  • so photosynthetic organisms are main producers of food for nearly all life on earth
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2
Q

Describe photosynthesis in plants and algae

A
  • endothermic reaction
  • that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water
  • to produce glucose and oxygen
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3
Q

Explain the effect of temperature as limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • enzymes for photosynthesis work slowly at low temperatures
  • if plant gets too hot - enzymes needed for photosynthesis and other reactions will be denatured
  • low temperatures reduces collisions between enzyme and substrate = slow rate
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4
Q

Explain the effect of light intensity as limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • light transfers energy for photosynthesis
  • more light = faster rate
  • but eventually light won’t make any difference, something else will be limiting factor
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5
Q

Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentrations as limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • co2 is a raw material for photosynthesis
  • increase in co2 increases rate to a certain point
  • after this graph flattens out (like light does) and co2 isn’t a limiting factor
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6
Q

Core Practical: Investigate the effect of light intensity on the
rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. rate pondweed produces oxygen is equal to rate it photosynthesises
  2. apparatus set up, empty gas syringe, sodium hydrogencarbonate added to water (to make sure plant has enough co2 - which hydro… releases in solution)
  3. white light at specific distance from pondweed
  4. pondweed left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time
  5. oxygen released collects in gas syringe
    - allows you to accurately measure volume of oxygen produced
  6. repeat with light source at different distances from pondweed
    - rate of oxygen production = volume produced / time taken
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7
Q

Explain how the rate of photosynthesis is directly
proportional to light intensity and inversely proportional
to the distance from a light source

A
  • light intensity increases = rate of photo synthesis increases
  • distance from lamp and light intensity are inversely proportional because as distance increase light intensity decreases
  • light intensity decreases in proportion to square of the distance = inverse square law
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8
Q

what is the inverse square law

A
  • light intensity (indirectly proportional symbol) 1/ distance (d) squared
  • if you halve distance, light intensity will be 4X greater , double distance, light intensity will be 4X smaller
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9
Q

Explain how the structure of the root hair cells is adapted to
absorb water and mineral ions

A
  • cells on surface of plant roots grow into “hairs” which stick out into soil
  • root is covered in millions of these microscopic hairs
  • gives plant large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from soil
  • concentration of mineral ions is usually higher in root hair cells than in soil around them so mineral ions are absorbed by active transport, water by osmosis
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10
Q

Explain how the structures of xylem are adapted to their function in the plant

A
  • lignified dead cells in xylem transport water and minerals through plant
  • lignin material strengthens
  • dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them, hole down middle
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11
Q

Explain how the structures of the phloem are adapted to their function in the plant

A
  • living cells in phloem use energy to transport sucrose around plant
  • elongated living cells with pores in to allow stuff to flow through in end walls
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12
Q

Explain how water and mineral ions are transported through the
plant by transpiration

A

-stomata are tiny pores on the surface of a plant
- allow co2 and o2 to diffuse directly in and out of a leaf , water vapour out by transpiration
- stomata surrounded by guard cells
- guard cells change shape to control size of pore
- turgid (swollen with water) - stomata = open
- flaccid (limp, low on water) - stomata = closed

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13
Q

explain transpiration

A

(side effect of way leaves are adapted for photosynthesis)
- transpiration is the loss of water from the plant
- caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface

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14
Q

Describe how sucrose is transported around the plant by
translocation

A
  • transporting food substances (mainly sucrose) made in leaves to rest of plant for immediate use or for storage
  • requires energy from respiration
  • transport goes in both directions
  • phloem
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15
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A
  • movement of water from roots through xylem and out of leaves
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16
Q

describe transpiration

A
  • the loss of water creates slight shortage of water in the leaf so more water is drawn up from rest of the plant through xylem vessels to replace it
  • means more water drawn up from roots
  • so constant transpiration stream of water through plant
  • which carries mineral ions that are dissolved in the water along with it
17
Q

Explain the effect of environmental factors on the rate of water
uptake by a plant: light intensity

A
  • brighter light = greater transpiration rate
  • stomata close as it gets dark, photosynthesis can’t happen in dark, so they don’t need to be open to let co2 in
  • stomata closed = little water can escape
18
Q

Explain the effect of environmental factors on the rate of water
uptake by a plant: temperature

A
  • warmer = faster transpiration
  • warm = water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata
19
Q

Explain the effect of environmental factors on the rate of water
uptake by a plant: air movement

A
  • better air flow (ex stronger wind) = greater transpiration rate
  • poor air flow = water vapour surrounds leaf and doesn’t move away
  • meaning there’s a high concentration of water particles outside and inside leaf so diffusion happens slowly
  • good air flow = water vapour is swept away, maintaining a low concentration of water in air outside leaf, diffusion happens quickly from area of high to low concentration
20
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
(-> with light)

21
Q

How to calculate rate for transpiration

A

Distance moved / time taken

combined biology (7 decks)

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