health, disease and development of medicine Flashcards
topic 5
1
Q
describe health
A
a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity as defined by the world health organisation
2
Q
what is a non- communicable disease
A
cannot be transmitted between individuals
- caused by lifestyle, environment, genetic mutations
3
Q
what is a communicable disease
A
diseases that can be spread between individuals
- caused by a pathogen
4
Q
explain why the presence of one disease can lead to a higher susceptibility to other diseases
A
- may weaken someone’s immune system
- making them more susceptible to other infections as your body becomes weaker and is less able to fight off other diseases
5
Q
describe a pathogen
A
a disease-causing organism
- viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
6
Q
describe cholera
A
- caused by a bacteria
- causes diarrhoea
7
Q
describe tuberculosis
A
- caused by bacteria
- causes lung damage
8
Q
describe chalara ash dieback
A
- fungi
- causes leaf loss and bark lesions
9
Q
describe malaria
A
- protist
- causes damage to blood and liver
10
Q
describe HIV
A
- virus
- destroys white blood cells
- leading to the onset of AIDS
11
Q
explain how pathogens are spread to cause cholera
A
- bacteria
- water
12
Q
explain how pathogens are spread to cause tuberculosis
A
- bacteria
- airborne
13
Q
explain how pathogens are spread to cause chalara ash dieback
A
- fungi
- airborne
14
Q
explain how pathogens are spread to cause malaria
A
- protist
- animal vectors
15
Q
explain how pathogens spread to create cholera could be reduced or prevented
A
- clean water supplies
16
Q
explain how pathogens spread to create tuberculosis could be reduced or prevented
A
- good hygiene
- if infected you should sleep alone
- if infected you should avoid crowded public places
- homes are well ventilated
17
Q
explain how pathogens spread to create chalara ash dieback could be reduced or prevented
A
- remove young infected ash trees
- replant with different species
- restricting the import or movement of ash trees
18
Q
explain how pathogens spread to create malaria could be reduced or prevented
A
- mosquito nets
- insect repellent to stop it biting you
19
Q
explain how STIs are spread - chlamydia
A
- bacteria
- spread through sexual contact with infected genital fluids
20
Q
explain how STIs are spread - HIV
A
- virus
- infected bodily fluids
21
Q
explain how STI chlamydia can be reduced or prevented
A
- condom
- screening (so can be treated for the infection)
- avoid sexual contact
22
Q
explain how STI HIV can be reduced or prevented
A
- condom
- drug users should not share needles
- medication can reduce risk of passing it on
- screening and proper treatment
23
Q
describe how physical barriers of the human body provide protection from pathogens
A
- skin is a barrier to pathogens and if damaged blood cots stop microorganisms by sealing cut
- hairs and mucus trap particles containing pathogens
- cells - cilia waft mucus and traps pathogens
24
Q
describe how the chemical defences of the human body provide protection from pathogens
A
- stomach produced hydrochloric acid which kills most swallowed pathogens
- eyes produce lysozyme which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
25
explain the role of the specific immune system of the human body in defence against disease
1. exposure to pathogens
2. antigens trigger an immune response causing the production of antibodies
3. the antigens also trigger production of memory lymphocytes
4. the role of memory lymphocytes in the secondary response to the antigen
26
what is on a pathogen
antigen
27
what is an antibody an example of
a protein
28
something that looks for pathogens
white blood cells
29
explain the body's response to immunisation using an inactive form of pathogen
immunisation injects inactive pathogens into the body
- these are antigenic (carry antigens) so your body makes antibodies to destroy them (even though they are harmless)
- this triggers memory lymphocytes to be made
- so if live pathogens of the same type get into body they memory lymphocytes act as a fast secondary immune response
30
what are on the trachea and bronchi that are adapted to defend against the entry of pathogens
- cells that produce mucus
- cilia
31
what are B- lymphocytes
type of white blood cell that are involved in specific immune response that is an immune response to a specific pathogen
32
explain that antibodies can only be used to treat bacterial infections
because they inhibit the cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organism
33
describe the discovery process of developing new medicines (including antibiotics)
- knowledge of how a disease works to identify molecules that could be used as drugs to fight the disease
34
describe the development process of developing new medicines (including antibiotics)
- preclinical and clinical testing
35
describe the preclinical testing process of developing new medicines (including antibiotics)
1. drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
2. to test the drug on live animals to test it works, best dosage, harm
36
describe the clinical testing process of developing new medicines (including antibiotics)
1. passes preclinical
2. tested on healthy volunteers to check for harmful side affects
3. tested on sufferers of the disease to find optimum dose
4. patients are randomly put into two groups - one is given new drug, one has placebo (done blind - don't know if they get placebo or real)
5. approved by medical agency
37
describe what many non-communicable human diseases are caused by
- lifestyle
- environmental
- genetics
38
examples of non-communicable diseases
- cardiovascular disease, cancer, lung and liver diseases (some) influenced by nutrition
39
explain the effect of lifestyle factors on non-communicable diseases - exercise and diet on obesity and malnutrition
- bad diet and not enough exercise means you could take in more energy than you use
- the excess energy is stored as fat
-> high BMI and obese
->> BMI equation
40
BMI equation =
mass (kg) / (height squared) (m)
41
explain the effect of alcohol on liver diseases
- too much alcohol over a long period of time can cause liver disease
-> alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic
42
explain the effect of smoking on cardiovascular disease (cardiovascular disease causes heart attacks or strokes)
- nicotine increases heart rate = increases blood pressure
-> high blood pressure damages artery walls -> build up of fatty deposits in arteries
->> restrict blood flow and increases risk of heart attack or stroke
- smoking increases blood clots in arteries which restrict or block flow => heart attack or stroke
43
evaluate some life-long medication treatments for cardiovascular disease
- statins lower cholesterol but can cause liver damage or kidney failure or memory problems
- anticoagulants reduce blood clotting but can cause excessive bleeding
- antihypertensives lower blood pressure and so reduce damage to artery walls and build up of atheromas but can cause headaches, dizziness or fainting
44
evaluate surgical procedures as treatments for cardiovascular disease using stents
- stents open arteries to get blood to pass through but the artery can narrow and stents can irritate artery and make scar tissue grow
- patient has to take drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent
45
evaluate surgical procedures as treatments for cardiovascular disease using coronary bypass surgery
- healthy vessel is taken to bypass the blocked section
46
evaluate surgical procedures as treatments for cardiovascular disease using heart surgery
- donor heart
-> to stop rejection need to take drugs that can make you more vulnerable to infections
- risk of bleeding clots and infections
47
explain how memory lymphocytes work
1. memory lymphocytes remain in the body for a while and remember a specific antigen
2. now immune
3. immune system can respond quickly to a second infection if the same pathogen enters again
4. the secondary response often gets rid of the pathogen before you show symptoms
