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PLSC 213 > Plant Sex: Mating Systems, Pollination, and Clonality > Flashcards

Plant Sex: Mating Systems, Pollination, and Clonality Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Produces genetically identical daughter plants (ramets)

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Produces genetically distinct daughter plants (genets)

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3
Q

Vegetative reproduction structures

A

Stolen
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Suckers
Layering
Apomixis

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4
Q

Stolon (runner)

A

Branches on surface

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5
Q

Rhizome

A

Underground stem

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6
Q

Bulbs (corm)

A

Underground rosette

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7
Q

Suckers

A

Buds forming on shallow roots

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8
Q

Layering

A

Stems form adventitous roots

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9
Q

Apomixis

A

Asexual seed production

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10
Q

Clone structure

A

Phalanx (clumping)
Guerilla (spreading)

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11
Q

Phalanx

A

Tightly packed ramets

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12
Q

Guerilla

A

Widely spread ramets

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13
Q

Phalanx vs guerilla tactics

A

Phalanx is better at exploiting high nutrient resources
Guerilla is better at finding new patches

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14
Q

Clonal integration

A

An initial investment of carbon and nutrients from parent as a new ramet forms. Some clones break apart rapidly while others maintain connections for long time spans

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15
Q

Benefits of integration

A

Avoid kin competition
Integrate environmental conditions over entire clone
Improve defensive signaling

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16
Q

Benefits of separation

A

Increase lifespan of individual clones
Decrease cost of maintaining connection
Allow independent timing of flowering

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17
Q

Agamospermy

A

Asexual production of seeds (apomixis) which lacks recombination

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18
Q

Mating systems

A

Governs with whom a plant mates

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19
Q

How are plants divided in the mating system?

A

Autogamous
Facultative self compatible
Allogamous

20
Q

Autogamous

A

Inbreeding, flowers that always self-fertilize

21
Q

Facultative self compatible

A

Can either self fertilize or outcross

22
Q

Allogamous

A

Outbreeding, plants that never self fertilize

23
Q

Autogamous mating systems

A

Autogamy
Geitonogamy
Cleistogamy

24
Q

Autogamy

A

Fertilization within same flower

25
Q

Geitonogamy

A

Pollen movement from 1 flower to another on same plant

26
Q

Cleistogamy

A

Flowers that never open, entirely self pollinated

27
Q

Hermaphroditic plants

A

Most common of all plant species where the male and female are on same plant. There are often mechanisms to avoid self fertilization

28
Q

Monoecious flowers

A

Separate sexed flowers

29
Q

Hermaphroditic flowers

A

Bisexual flowers

30
Q

Heterospecific pollen tranfers

A

Pollination typically requires conspecific pollen. Heterospecific pollen transfer can reduce pollination success

31
Q

Outbreeding mechanisms (pollination syndromes)

A

Wind
Animals/insects
Water

32
Q

Wind pollination

A

Common among coniferous trees and grasses (sometimes angiosperms)

33
Q

Wind pollinated flower characteristics

A

Lack of pollinator attractors
Exposed anthers and small pollen grains
Feathery stigma to catch pollen

34
Q

Masting

A

Wind pollinated plants synchronize reproduction

35
Q

2 main hypothesises about masting

A

Seed predator satiation
Improved pollination efficiency
Optimal environmental conditions

36
Q

Animal based pollination

A

Animals/insects visits flowers to get rewards and thus transfer pollen among or within individuals

37
Q

Pollinator attraction cues

A

Infloresence shape and size
Flower colour
Flower rewards
Floral scents
Auditory cues

38
Q

High heterospecific floral densities can __________ heterospecific pollen transfer

A

Increase

39
Q

Pollinator fidelity

A

Plants try to limit heterospecific pollen transfer by increasing pollinator fidelity

40
Q

Vertebrate pollination

A

Incredibly important for pollination of some species

41
Q

Deceptive orchids

A

Provide chemical cues to trick insects into thinking they are finding a mate

42
Q

Nectar robbers

A

Cut into side of flowers to get nectar without pollinating the plant

43
Q

Cost of males

A

An asexual female producing only daughters will have a greater fitness than a sexual counterpart

44
Q

Loss of local genetic adaptation

A

A plant reaching reproductive age at a location with environmental conditions to which it is adapted to, so why risk changing a good thing

45
Q

Major benefits of sexual reproduction

A

Genetically different offpring which allows them to deal with fluctuating environments, sibling competition, and host-pathogen interactions

46
Q

Allocation to sexual reproduction may be more likely when resources are in _____

A

Excess

47
Q

Abandon ship hypothesis

A

In poor environments, invest all energy in sexual reproduction rather than growth. It increases genetic diversity in offspring and gives them a chance to find a better environment

PLSC 213 (16 decks)

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