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plant reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the corolla?

A

collective term for all petals

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2
Q

what are sepals?

A

outermost ring of flower
protects flower when it is a bud

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3
Q

what is the calyx?

A

collective term for all sepals

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4
Q

what is the receptacle?

A

basal portion of flower
all floral parts are attached to it

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5
Q

what is the stamen?

A

consists of anther and filament (male)

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6
Q

what does the anther do?

A

part in which pollen is produced

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7
Q

what does the filament do?

A

contains vascular tissue that supports anther
transports sucrose and amino acids

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8
Q

what does the stigma do?

A

receives pollen from anther

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9
Q

what does the style do?

A

holds stigma to recieve pollen

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10
Q

what does the ovary do?

A

contains ovules that develop into fruit

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11
Q

what does the ovule contain?

A

one egg cell

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12
Q

what is in the anther?

A

4 chambers (pollen sacs)
where pollen is produced

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13
Q

what are pollen sacs enclosed by?

A

protective epidermis and fibrous layer

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14
Q

what is under the fibrous layer in a pollen sac?

A

the tapetum

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15
Q

what does the tapetum do?

A

provides nutrients and regulatory molecules
aids formation of pollen cell wall and resists desiccation (drying out)

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16
Q

how is a male gamete formed in the anther?

A

diploid pollen mother cells in pollen sacs
meiosis
produces tetrad of immature haploid cells called microspores
microspores eventually become pollen grains
inside pollen grain, haploid nucleus undergoes mitosis
produces 2 haploid nuclei, generative and tube nucleus
generative nucleus later produces two male nuclei by mitosis

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17
Q

how are pollen grains released?

A

when pollen is mature
outer layers of anther dry out and split open

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18
Q

how is a female gamete formed in ovary?

A

ovule contains diploid mother cell
cell divides to produce 4 haploid cells called megaspores
3 of these cells degenerate
1 survives and becomes embryo sac
surviving haploid nucleus undergoes mitosis 3 times
produces 8 haploid nuclei

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19
Q

what are the 8 haploid nuclei formed from diploid mother cell during female gamete formation in ovary?

A

3 antipodal cells (top)
2 haploid nuclei –> fuse to make 1 diploid nuclei (middle)
2 synergids (bottom)
1 egg cell (middle bottom)

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20
Q

what is the embryo sac surrounded by?

A

nucellus
layer of cells which provides nutrients for growth of ovule

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21
Q

what surrounds the nucellus?

A

2 layers of cells called integuments

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22
Q

what is the micropyle?

A

gap in integuments
where pollen tube enters

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23
Q

what is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

24
Q

how are insect-pollinated flowers adapted to attract insects?

A

nectar
scent present
sticky stigma to collect pollen
large brightly coloured petals
pollen has barbs for hooking onto insects
anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects

25
how are wind-pollinated flowers adapted?
pollen grains are small and light anthers hang outside of plant stigma hangs outside of flower to catch pollen petals are small and green
26
what is cross pollination?
pollen travels from one flower to a different flower
27
how does self-pollination occur?
when pollen falls from the anther onto the stigma of the same flower
28
what are the disadvantages of self-pollination?
reduces genetic variation greater changes of 2 undesirable alleles being brought together
29
what are the advantages of self-pollination?
preserves good genome which may be suited to a stable environment
30
what are ways to prevent self-pollination?
stigma above stamen have stamen and stigma which mature at different times
31
what is fertilisation in plants?
male gametes in nucleus in pollen grains reach female nucleus in ovule through pollen tube
32
what happens during first part of fetilisation in plants?
stigma produces sugary solution in which pollen grain germinates and produces pollen tube pollen tube secretes hydrolytic enzymes, digests its way through style and gains nutrients pollen tube grows down style (follows gradient of chemoattractants secreted by ovule) behind tube nucleus, generative nucleus divides by mitosis, produces 2 male haploid nuclei pollen tube reaches ovary
33
what does the tube nucleus do?
controls growth of pollen tube
34
what happens when the pollen tube reaches the ovary in fertilisation?
enters ovary through micropyle tip of pollen tube bursts tube nucleus disintegrates two male gametes are released into embryo sac
35
what happens when two male gametes are released into the embryo sac in fertilisation?
one male gamete fuses with egg nucleus to form diploid zygote other male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm nucleus which divides by mitosis to produce endosperm tissue
36
what happens after fertilisation?
petals, stamen and sepals fall off fertilised ovule turns into seed fertilisde egg divides by mitosis to become embryo ovary develops into fruit integuments become testa
37
what is an embryo in a plant?
living part of seed contains radicle, root, plumule and young shoot
38
where is the food-store in seeds for embryo?
in cotyledons or endosperm
39
what is the testa (seed coat)?
tough protective outer covering formed from integuments of ovule
40
what happens to seeds after fertilisation?
water leaves seed dehydrated becomes dormant metabolic reactions stop
41
what is a monocotyledon seed?
only has 1 cotyledon
42
what is a dicotyledon seed?
has 2 cotyledons
43
what is the structure of a monocotyledon seed?
endosperm retained testa cotyledon plumule radicle hypocotyl
44
what is germination?
seeds can remain dormant until suitable conditions are present and then will germinate
45
what are the conditions needed for germination?
water oxygen optimum temperature
46
what does water do in germination?
nutrients in dry tissue of seed need to be rehydrated water cracks testa so roots can grow
47
what does oxygen do in germination?
aerobic respiration as ATP is required for metabolism and growth
48
what does optimum temperature do in germination?
for enzymes involved in process of germination
49
how does water activate germination?
water enters seed through micropyle activates enzymes softens testa and allows it to split
50
what happens during germination?
water triggers hydrolysis of food reserves which pass to growing tips tissues swell + testa splits aerobic respiration of sugars allows radicle to grow radicle emerges and channels minerals + water to plumule plumule breaks through soil and unfurls
51
why is the plumule bent over in a hook?
to protect it as it pushes its way through soil
52
how does gibberellin work with seed germination?
rehydration of seed activates gene in embryo that codes for gibberellin synthesis gibberellin diffuses into aleurone layer and induces synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase)
53
what do hydrolytic enzymes do in seed germination?
amylase breaks down starch in endosperm to maltose maltose converted to glucose glucose diffuses to embryo and used in aerobic respiration and growth of radicle + plumule
54
what are pin-eyed flowers?
stigma above anthers
55
what are thrum-eyed flowers?
stigma below anthers

bio component 2 (7 decks)

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