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human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does the scrotum do?

A

external sac that holds testes outside of body
for optimum temperature of 37 degrees

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2
Q

what do the testes do?

A

produce male gametes

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3
Q

what does the urethra do?

A

tube that connects bladder to outside
transfers urine and semen

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4
Q

what does the penis do?

A

used to pass semen into reproductive system
erectile tissue fills with blood for penetration of vagina

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5
Q

what does the vas deferens do?

A

tube that takes sperm from testes to urethra during ejaculation

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6
Q

what does the epididymis do?

A

sperm collect and mature here

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7
Q

what do the seminiferous tubules do?

A

tubes found in testes
site of sperm production

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8
Q

what does the prostate gland do?

A

found at base of bladder
produces alkaline secretion that neutralises any urine left in urethra
aids in sperm mobility

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9
Q

what does the seminal vesicle do?

A

gland that produces a nutrient secretion that helps sperm mobility

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10
Q

what is the order of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids
spermatozoa

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11
Q

what happens during spermatogenesis?

A

takes place in seminiferous tubules
spermatogonium replicates by mitosis to primary spermatocyte (diploid)
meiosis I produces secondary spermatocyte
meiosis II produces spermatids (haploid)
then spermatozoa

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12
Q

what do sertoli cells do?

A

provide nutrients for spermatogenesis
nourish and protect spermatozoa once formed

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13
Q

what do leydig cells do?

A

secrete testosterone
involved in stimulating process of spermatogenesis

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14
Q

what does the endometrium do?

A

where embryo becomes implanted
shed each month if no embryo

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15
Q

what does the cervix do?

A

neck of uterus
muscular ring that closes entrance to uterus
dilates during birth

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16
Q

what does the vagina do?

A

muscular tube that leads to outside of body

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17
Q

what does the urethra do?

A

connects to bladder
allows passage of urine

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18
Q

what is the structure of oocyte?

A

corona radiata
zona pellucida

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19
Q

what is the order of oogenesis?

A

oogonium
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte and first polar body
ovum

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20
Q

what happens once secondary oocyte is formed?

A

migrates to surface of ovary
follicle bursts
projects secondary oocyte into fallopian tube
meiosis is only completed if fertilisation takes place

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21
Q

what happens during oogenesis?

A

oogonium
mitosis produces primary oocyte (diploid)
meiosis I produces secondary oocyte (haploid) and first polar body
meiosis II produces ovum

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22
Q

what is the secondary oocyte contained in?

A

secondary follicle
graafian follicle

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23
Q

what is the journey of sperm to fertilise secondary oocyte?

A

sperm released from epididymis
travels along vas deferens out through urethra
spermatozoa are deposited at top of vagina and swim along cervix into oviduct to meet secondary oocyte

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24
Q

when can fertilisation only take place?

A

after capacitation

25
what is capacitation?
causes change in permeability of membrane covering acrosome of sperm enzymes in uterus remove glycoprotein and chlosterol from outer layer of sperm so sperm becomes more permeable to calcium ions to increase sperm mobility and start acrosome reaction increases chance of binding sperm to secondary oocyte
26
what is the acrosome reaction?
contact with outer jelly coat causes acrosome membrane to rupture and releases hydrolytic protease enzymes enzymes digest corona radiata and zona pellucida entry of head stimulates completion of meiosis II produces ovum and second polar body
27
what is the cortical reaction?
entry of single sperm causes calcium ions to be released from SER results in cortical granules in ovum which release enzymes that change structure of zona pellucida which produces fertilisation membrane to stop entry of any further sperm nucleus of ovum fuses with nucleus of sperm, forms diploid zygote
28
what happens after a zygote formed?
ovum is now diploid zygote divides by mitosis to form hollow ball of undifferentiated cells called blastocyst after 6 days reaches uterus and is embedded into endometrium
29
what is the cell division of a zygote called?
cleavage
30
what does the dividing zygote in the uterus become?
trophoblast later develops into chorion and placenta inner cell mass develops into embryo and amnion layer produces hCG (maintains corpus luteum)
31
what is the outer layer of the blastocyst called?
trophoblast
32
what happens during implantation?
protrusions from trophoblast cells (trophoblastic villi) penetrate endometrium embryo will derive nutrients from endometrium trophoblast develops into chorion cells of chorion move into trophoblastic villi to form larger chorionic villi
33
what are the 5 major roles of the placenta?
secretion of hormones exchange of O2/CO2/nutrients/waste barrier to high blood pressure, blood born pathogens and toxins in maternal blood allows maternal antibodies to protect foetus (passive immunity) protection from mothers immune system
34
what is the placentas structure?
2 umbilical arteries 1 umbilical vein countercurrent flow
35
what is the amnion?
membrane derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst amnionic fluid protects foetus during development by maintaining temperature, providing lubrication, contributes to lung development, allows movement, acts as shock absorber
36
where is hCG released from?
secreted by chorion 6 days after fertilisation
37
what does hCG do?
maintains corpus leutum
38
where is progesterone secreted from?
corpus leutum
39
what does progesterone do?
maintains endometrium inhibits oxytocin
40
what does progesterone and oestrogen do?
inhibits LH
41
where is oestrogen secreted from?
developing follicles granulosa cells theca cells
42
what does oestrogen do?
stimulates growth of uterus to accommodate foetus development of mammary glands
43
what happens just before birth?
oestrogen levels increase progesterone levels decrease to allow uterine wall to contract oxytocin and prolactin are secreted
44
where is oxytocin secreted from?
posterior pituitary gland
45
what does oxytocin do?
causes contractions of myometrium
46
where is prolactin secreted from?
anterior pituitary gland
47
what does prolactin do?
stimulates mammary glands to synthesis milk
48
what can female infertility be caused by?
blocked fallopian tubes treated by IVF
49
what is the menstrual cycle?
occurs in uterus to prepare for fertilised egg hormone controlled reproductive cycle
50
what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH LH (luteinising hormone)
51
where is oestrogen and progesterone produced?
ovaries
52
how many days till ovulation?
14
53
what is ovulation triggered by?
LH surge
54
what happens near the end of the cycle?
luteal phase corpus luteum declines progesterone levels drop
55
what happens during the follicular phase (day 0)?
hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release FSH FSH stimulates development/maturation of primary follicles and stimulates theca cells to produce oestrogen oestrogen causes rebuilding of endometrium, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH secretion
56
what happens during ovulation (day 14)?
LH induces ovulation causes graafian follicle at surface of ovary to release secondary oocyte and develop into corpus luteum
57
what happens during the luteal phase (after day 14)?
graafian follicle retained in ovary as corpus luteum progesterone and oestrogen inhibit FSH and LH progesterone stimulates endometrium to thicken and remain in place
58
what happens if no implantation occurs?
falling concentration of FSH and LH causes corpus luteum to break down progesterone levels then decline oestrogen levels are low so no longer inhibits FSH

bio component 2 (7 decks)

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