plant reproduction

Question 1

definition for reproduction?

Answer 1

the ability of living organisms to produce offspring

Question 2

what’s sexual reproduction?

Answer 2

reproduction which produces genetically varied offspring using the fusion of two gametes (specialised sex cells)

Question 3

what’s asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

reproduction that produces genetically identical offspring, gametes are not needed & only one parent involved

Question 4

what are the natural methods of asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

• runners
• tubers
• bulbs

Question 5

what is the runners method of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

a new plant is produced where the runner (a vine/stem sort of thing growing from the plant) touches the ground

Question 6

what’s the tubers method of asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food, 1 plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants

Question 7

what’s the bulbs method of asexual reproduction?

Answer 7

underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing stored food. main shoot will grow out of parent bulb & another grows out of side ‘daughter’ bulb, forming 2 plants

Question 8

what’s an artificial method to asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

cuttings: piece of plant’s stem, w a few leaves attached, cut from healthy plant. then planted in damp compost, where it’ll grow roots & develop into new plant

Question 9

name the three main functions of the sex organs of plants (flowers)

Answer 9

• production of gametes
• sites of pollination & fertilisation
• sites of seed & fruit formation

Question 10

______ is the _______ produced in the anther which is the male part (________) of the flower

Answer 10

pollen is the gamete produced in the anther which is the male part (stamen) of the flower

Question 11

_____ is the gamete produced in the _________ found in the _______within the female part (______) of the flower

Answer 11

ova is the gamete produced in the ovules found in the ovaries within the female part (carpel) of the flower

Question 12

difference between cross pollination & self pollination?

Answer 12

• cross pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther of 1 flower to stigma of another flower on another plant
• self pollination: pollen doesn’t reach a different plant

Question 13

label the flower picture on the summer work 2024

Answer 13

ok!!!

Question 14

what do insect pollinated flowers features usually look like

Answer 14

• stamens enclosed within flower
• stigma enclosed within flower & sticky
• petals large & brightly coloured
• nectaries present - produce sugary fluid to attract insects

Question 15

what do the features of wind pollinated flowers look like?

Answer 15

• stamens exposed outside of petals
• stigma exposed outside of petals, often ‘feathery’
• petals small, usually green
• nectaries absent

Question 16

name the two types of plant gamete

Answer 16

• mobile male gamete (sperm & pollen)
• stationary female gamete (ovum)

Question 17

what do you call it when the gametes fuse?

Answer 17

fertilisation

Question 18

what do you call the single cell formed when gametes fuse?

Answer 18

a zygote

Question 19

how does the zygote cell divide to form all the new cells of the new organism?

Answer 19

by mitosis

Question 20

write a step by step guide to explain how fertilisation happens. first step done for you.

1. in plants pollen grains are deposited onto the stigma

Answer 20

2. the pollen grain usually grows a pollen tube which grows down through the style
3. enzymes secreted at tip of tube which digest the tissues of the style
4. when tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube, entering the ovule through small hole called micropyle
5. it then fuses with female gamete (ovum) in process of fertilisation
6. fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
7. the ovule develops into the seed
8. the ovary develops into the fruit

Question 21

what’s the micropyle?

Answer 21

a small hole which the male gamete enters through to get into the ovum

Question 22

describe how the fruit forms once fertilisation has taken place

Answer 22

1. zygote develops into an embryonic plant with a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
2. other contents of ovule develop into cotyledons which’ll be food store for young plant when it germinates
3. ovule wall becomes seed coat, or testa (the hard coating of seed)
4. ovary wall becomes the fruit coat

Question 23

what’re the radicle and plumule?

Answer 23

the small root (r) and shoot (p) of the embryonic plant that the zygote develops into

Question 24

what are the cotyledons?

Answer 24

the food store for the young plant when it germinates, the other contents of the ovule develop into it

Question 25

what’s the testa?

Answer 25

the hard coating of the seed, the ovule wall becomes this

Question 26

germinating seeds need a great deal of ______ quickly. they therefore use their food stores using _______ that break down _____________ stores. these are then used as a fuel in ___________ to release energy. this occurs until the leaves are in a position to _______________

Answer 26

germinating seeds need a great deal of energy quickly. they therefore use their food stores using enzymes that break down carbohydrate stores. these are then used as a fuel in respiration to release energy. this occurs until the leaves are in a position to photosynthesise

Question 27

explain the 3 conditions needed for plants to germinate

Answer 27

• oxygen: to aerobically respire
• warmth: optimum temp. for enzymes
• water: to activate the enzymes