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plant reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

definition for reproduction?

A

the ability of living organisms to produce offspring

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2
Q

definition for reproduction?

A

the ability of living organisms to produce offspring

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3
Q

what’s sexual reproduction?

A

reproduction which produces genetically varied offspring using the fusion of two gametes (specialised sex cells)

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4
Q

what’s asexual reproduction?

A

reproduction that produces genetically identical offspring, gametes are not needed & only one parent involved

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5
Q

what are the natural methods of asexual reproduction?

A
  • runners
  • tubers
  • bulbs
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6
Q

what is the runners method of asexual reproduction?

A

a new plant is produced where the runner (a vine/stem sort of thing growing from the plant) touches the ground

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7
Q

what’s the tubers method of asexual reproduction?

A

swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food, 1 plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants

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8
Q

what’s the bulbs method of asexual reproduction?

A

underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing stored food. main shoot will grow out of parent bulb & another grows out of side ‘daughter’ bulb, forming 2 plants

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9
Q

what’s an artificial method to asexual reproduction?

A

cuttings: piece of plant’s stem, w a few leaves attached, cut from healthy plant. then planted in damp compost, where it’ll grow roots & develop into new plant

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10
Q

name the three main functions of the sex organs of plants (flowers)

A
  • production of gametes
  • sites of pollination & fertilisation
  • sites of seed & fruit formation
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11
Q

______ is the _______ produced in the anther which is the male part (________) of the flower

A

pollen is the gamete produced in the anther which is the male part (stamen) of the flower

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12
Q

_____ is the gamete produced in the _________ found in the _______within the female part (______) of the flower

A

ova is the gamete produced in the ovules found in the ovaries within the female part (carpel) of the flower

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13
Q

difference between cross pollination & self pollination?

A
  • cross pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther of 1 flower to stigma of another flower on another plant
  • self pollination: pollen doesn’t reach a different plant
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14
Q

label the flower picture on the summer work 2024

A

ok!!!

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15
Q

what do insect pollinated flowers features usually look like

A
  • stamens enclosed within flower
  • stigma enclosed within flower & sticky
  • petals large & brightly coloured
  • nectaries present - produce sugary fluid to attract insects
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16
Q

what do the features of wind pollinated flowers look like?

A
  • stamens exposed outside of petals
  • stigma exposed outside of petals, often ‘feathery’
  • petals small, usually green
  • nectaries absent
17
Q

name the two types of plant gamete

A
  • mobile male gamete (sperm & pollen)
  • stationary female gamete (ovum)
18
Q

what do you call it when the gametes fuse?

A

fertilisation

19
Q

what do you call the single cell formed when gametes fuse?

A

a zygote

20
Q

how does the zygote cell divide to form all the new cells of the new organism?

A

by mitosis

21
Q

write a step by step guide to explain how fertilisation happens. first step done for you.

  1. in plants pollen grains are deposited onto the stigma
A
  1. the pollen grain usually grows a pollen tube which grows down through the style
  2. enzymes secreted at tip of tube which digest the tissues of the style
  3. when tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube, entering the ovule through small hole called micropyle
  4. it then fuses with female gamete (ovum) in process of fertilisation
  5. fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
  6. the ovule develops into the seed
  7. the ovary develops into the fruit
22
Q

write a step by step guide to explain how fertilisation happens. first step done for you.

  1. in plants pollen grains are deposited onto the stigma
A
  1. the pollen grain usually grows a pollen tube which grows down through the style
  2. enzymes secreted at tip of tube which digest the tissues of the style
  3. when tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube, entering the ovule through small hole called micropyle
  4. it then fuses with female gamete (ovum) in process of fertilisation
  5. fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
  6. the ovule develops into the seed
  7. the ovary develops into the fruit
23
Q

what’s the micropyle?

A

a small hole which the male gamete enters through to get into the ovum

24
Q

describe how the fruit forms once fertilisation has taken place

A
  1. zygote develops into an embryonic plant with a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
  2. other contents of ovule develop into cotyledons which’ll be food store for young plant when it germinates
  3. ovule wall becomes seed coat, or testa (the hard coating of seed)
  4. ovary wall becomes the fruit coat
25
Q

what’re the radicle and plumule?

A

the small root (r) and shoot (p) of the embryonic plant that the zygote develops into

26
Q

what are the cotyledons?

A

the food store for the young plant when it germinates, the other contents of the ovule develop into it

27
Q

what’s the testa?

A

the hard coating of the seed, the ovule wall becomes this

28
Q

germinating seeds need a great deal of ______ quickly. they therefore use their food stores using _______ that break down _____________ stores. these are then used as a fuel in ___________ to release energy. this occurs until the leaves are in a position to _______________

A

germinating seeds need a great deal of energy quickly. they therefore use their food stores using enzymes that break down carbohydrate stores. these are then used as a fuel in respiration to release energy. this occurs until the leaves are in a position to photosynthesise

29
Q

explain the 3 conditions needed for plants to germinate

A
  • oxygen: to aerobically respire
  • warmth: optimum temp. for enzymes
  • water: to activate the enzymes

Biology (12 decks)

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