Plant Organ Systems Flashcards
What 3 factors are required for germination? Understand the difference between a shoot and a root. (5)
Moisture (1)
Warmth (1)
Oxygen (1)
The main difference between a shoot and a root is that shoots are parts of the plant that grow above the ground, (1) whereas roots are parts of the plant that grow below the ground. (1)
Be able to describe the stages of germination. (5)
Step 1: Imbibition: water fills the seed. (1)
Step 2: The water activates enzymes that begin the plant’s growth. (1)
Step 3: The seed grows a root to access water underground. (1)
Step 4: The seed grows shoots that grow towards the sun. (1)
Step 5: The shoots grow leaves and begin photmorphogenesis. (1)
The male and female parts of the plant and their
function, be able to draw and label a flower including their parts. (5)
Male Parts of Plant (Stamen):
Anther - produces male sex cells (contained in the pollen grain) (1)
Filament - holds up the anther. (1)
Female Parts of Plant (Carpel):
Stigma - traps pollen (1)
Style - where pollen tube grows down to female sex cells. (1)
Ovary produces - female sex cells ( contained in the ovules) (1)
PPT 38
Define and describe the stages of Pollination. (6)
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma. Pollen can be transferred by an animal or by the wind. (1)
Fertilisation takes place inside the ovary when the nucleus of pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule to produce a zygote. (1)
A seed is a mature fertilised ovule of a plant. Seed formation is when a seed is formed. (1)
Step one: After pollen has landed on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary. (1)
Step two: The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the nucleus in the ovule. (1)
Step three: The fertilised ovule develops into a seed. The seed contains the plant embryo, which contains genetic material from both parents. The ovary develops into the fruit. (1)
Describe the various methods of seed dispersal. (5)
Seed dispersal is the transport of seeds from the plant to another area in order to grow. (1)
These are the main ways in which seeds can be dispersed:
Animals (1)
Explosion (1)
Wind (1)
Water (1)
Define photosynthesis and write a full word equation for the reaction. List the reactants and products. (3)
Carbon dioxide + Water →(sunlight)→ Glucose + Oxygen (1)
CO2 +H20 = Reactants (1)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O2 = Products (1)
What is chlorophyll, where is it found and what is its role in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is a green chemical (1) found within chloroplasts in cells exposed to light. (1)
It absorbs the light energy required to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. (1)
What is the role of light in the photosynthesis reaction?
Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is converted into chemical energy. (1)
Where does Photosynthesis take place, which cell
organelle and which part of the plant.
Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast, which is located mainly at the top of a leaf, where it receives the most light energy possible. (1)
Draw and label a leaf. State how the leaf is adapted to its function.
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. They are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain openings, called stomata to allow carbon dioxide into the leaf and oxygen out. (1)
Test the leaf for Starch
Prepare the sample: Take a small amount of the substance you want to test for starch. This could be a food item, plant material, or any other material suspected to contain starch.
Apply iodine solution: Place a few drops of iodine solution onto the sample. Iodine solution is typically made by dissolving iodine crystals in potassium iodide solution. It’s commonly available in chemistry laboratories and can also be purchased from chemical suppliers.
Observe the color change: If starch is present in the sample, the iodine solution will undergo a color change. The solution will turn from its original reddish-brown color to a dark blue or black color. This color change occurs due to the formation of a starch-iodine complex, which has a blue-black color.
State the Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration
Temperature
Water Availability
Chlorophyll Content
Nutrient Availability
Oxygen Concentration
Describe an Experiment to show the effect of Light Intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
To demonstrate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, set up a series of plant samples, such as Elodea or spinach leaves, in separate containers filled with a standardized solution of water and bicarbonate ions to ensure a constant supply of carbon dioxide. Place each container at different distances from a light source to create varying light intensities. Use a timer to measure the production of oxygen bubbles or the uptake of carbon dioxide over a set period under each light condition. By comparing the rates of photosynthesis at different light intensities, a relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis can be observed, typically showing an increase in photosynthesis rate with higher light intensity up to a certain point, beyond which the rate plateaus due to other limiting factors.
Draw and Label the male/female parts of a plant
Male Parts (Stamen):
Anther:
Located at the top of the stamen.
Contains pollen sacs where pollen (male gametes) is produced.
Filament:
A slender stalk that supports the anther, positioning it for optimal pollen dispersal.
Female Parts (Pistil or Carpel):
Stigma:
Located at the top of the pistil.
Sticky surface that captures pollen.
Style:
A tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary.
Ovary:
Enlarged basal part of the pistil.
Contains ovules, each housing an egg cell (female gamete).
What minerals are needed for plant growth and how they enter the plant
Plants require several essential minerals for growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and molybdenum. These minerals are absorbed by the plant roots from the soil solution in the form of ions. The process involves active transport and passive diffusion mechanisms, depending on the concentration gradient and the specific properties of each mineral. Once absorbed, these minerals play critical roles in various biochemical processes within the plant, such as photosynthesis, cell structure, enzyme activation, and nutrient storage.
