PLANT KINGDOM Flashcards
Name the classification systems
Artificial system of classification natural system of classification Phylogenetic system of classification
artificial system of classification is on the basis of
a few morphological characteristics
on what basis did Linnaeus classify angiosperms
on basis of androecium structure
proponents of artificial system of classification
Aristotle & Linnaeus
drawbacks of artificial system of classification
separated closely related species equal weightage to vegetative and sexual character
What was wrong in giving equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters in artificial system of classification
vegetative characters were easily affected by the environment
natural system of classification is on the basis of
External and internal features (ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry)
Proponents of natural system of classification
Benthem and Hooker
phylogenetic system of classification is on the basis of
evolutionary history
proponents of phylogenetic system of classification
Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson and Takhtajan
Types of taxonomy
Numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy
Numerical taxonomy explain
+ , - , 0 Compares 100’s of characteristics while giving equal weightage
cytotaxonomy on the basis of
chromosome structure , number , and behavior
chemotaxonomy on the basis of
chemical constitution of plant
Plant kingdom divided into
Algae Bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
Name the tracheophytes
Pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
Name the atracheophytes
algae bryophytes
types of sexual reproduction in the 5
Algae (oogamous, isogamous, anisogamous) Bryophytes (oogamous) pteridophytes (oogamous) gymnosperms (oogamous) angiosperms (oogamous)
Sec organs in algae
unicellular and non- jacketed
sex organs in bryophytes
antheridium archegonium
sex organs in pteridophytes
antheridium archegonium
sex organs in gymnosperms
pollen grain in microsporophyll archegonium
sex organs in angiosperms
stamen pistil
ovule first appears in
gymnosperms
ovary first appears in
angiosperms
spores nature in the 5
Algae (homosporous) bryophyte (homosporous) pteridophyte (homosporous{majority} & hetrosporus) gymnosperms (hetrosporus) angiosperm (hetrosporus)
name the embryophytes
bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
embryo appears for the first time in
bryophytes
Name the spermatophytes
gymno and angiosperms
seed appears for the first time in
gymnosperms
Name the phanerogams
gymno and angiosperms
name the cryptogams
algae bryophyte pteridophyte
fruits and flowers in
angiosperms
thalloid bodies in
algae and bryophytes
well differentiated body in
pteridophyte gymnosperms angiosperms
Algae divided into
Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae
Name unicellular algae
Chlamydomonas
Name colonial algae
volvox & eudorina
Name filamentous algae
Ulothrix & spirogyra
Vegetative reproduction in algae by
fragmentation
most common asexual spore of algae
zoospore
zoospores are motile TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
sex organs in algae are
unicellular and non jacketed
Isogamous reproduction shown by which algae
ulothrix and spirogyra
Anisogamous reproduction is shown by which algae
Eudorina
Oogamous reproduction is shown by which algae
Volvox, fucus , polysiphonia
Gamet of ulothrix is (non flagellate OR flagellate)
flagellate
Gamet of spirogyra is (non flagellate OR flagellate)
non flagellate
Pigments in green algae
Chl a, chl b, carotene and xanthophyll
food stored in green algae as
oil droplets
storage body of green algae is called
pyrenoids
pyrenoids are located in
chloroplast
cell wall in green algae is made of
inner cellulose & outer pectose
pyrenoids contain
proteins and starch
vegetative reproduction in green algae is
fragmentation
asexual spore of green algae
zoospore
Name 6 green algae
Chlamydomonas, ulothrix, volvox , eudorina and chara
pigments in Phaeophyceae
Chl a , chl c , carotenoids, xanthophyll ( fucoxanthin)
what gives Phaeophycea brown colour
fucoxanthin
food in Phaeophyceae is stored as
laminarin and mannitol
brown algae have cell wall made of …… and covered in
cellulose algin
body in brown algae differentiated into
Holdfast (root-like) stipe (stem-like) frond (leaf like)
possess …….. for bouncy
air bladder
vegetative reproduction in brown algae
fragmentation
In oogamous reproduction gamets of brown algae fuse in
oogonium
female gamet of brown algea in oogamous reproduction
oosphere
examples of brown algae (6)
laminaria, ectocarpus , fucus, dictoyta , sargassum, macrocyctis
Pigments of red algae
chl a , chl b , phycoerythrin
which algae found in depth of oceans
red algae
cell wall of red algae made of
cellulose pectin hydrocolloids
Hydrocolloids in the cell wall of red algae is
agar , carrageen , funori
food stored as _____ in red algae
Floridian starch
Floridian starch is structurally similar to
amylopectin and glycogen
red algae sexual and asexual spores are …..
non motile
complex post fertilization development occours in which algae
red algae
4 examples of red algae
polysephonia , Porphyra , gracilaria , gellidium
volvox
chlamydomonas
chara
ulothrix
fucus
laminaria
porphyra
dictyota
polysiphonia
half of earths CO2 fixation is done by
algae
iodine source from algae
fucus
laminaria
protein source from algae
chlorella
spirulina
algae food source
porphyra , laminaria , sargassum
hydrocolloids obtained from
Gelidium and gracilaria
bryophytes are divided into
mosses and liverworts
name the archegoniates
Bryophytes , pteridophytes and gymnosperms
amphibians of the plant kingdom
bryophytes
why are amphibians of the plant kingdom called so
water is required for sexual reproduction
root like structure of bryophyte
rhizoid
gametophyte and sporophyte of bryophyte
dominant gametophyte and reduced sporophyte
gametophyte produced gamets by
mitosis
gametophyte of bryophyte consist of multicellular sex organs called
antheridium and archegonium
mass of sperm mother cells in bryophyte antheridium
androcytes
venter cavity of bryophyte archegonium contains
venter canal cells and oosphere
first embryophyte
bryophyte
in bryophyte, on fertilization of oosphere the zygote undergoes
mitosis to form an embryo that later forms a diploid multicellular sporophyte
bryophyte sporophyte divided into
foot , capsule , seta
spores are dispersed by …….. in bryophytes
wind
once the spore of bryophyte lands on suitable substrate it either ………… like in ………….. or ………….. like in …………..
develops directly into thalloid gametophyte
liverworts
has a filamentous stage called protonema
mosses
vegetative reproduction in bryophytes by
fragmentation
gemmae
budding
name a thalloid liverwort
marchantia
name a leafy liverwort
porella
what are gemmae
green , multicellular , asexual buds
gemmea develop into
gemmae cups
which detach from parent body to form new individual
in what bryophyte is the sex organs produced on same thalli
Riccia
in what bryophyte is the sex organs produced on different thalli
marchantia
in marchantia the antheridium and archegonium are held on
antheridiophore
archegoniophore
mosses gametophyte stage is divided into
filamentous protonema stage
&
leafy stage
rhizoid comparison in liverworts and mosses
unicellular & unbranched
multicellular & branched
antheridium and archegonium of mosses produces
biflagellate antherozoid
&
fertile egg
spore disposal mechanism in liverworts and mosses
simple
comples
leafy stage of mosses develops from the………. as a ……..
secondary protonema
lateral bud
3 examples of liverworts
porella
marchantia
riccia
3 examples of mosses
funaria
polytrichum
sphagnum
importance of bryophytes
prevent soil erosion
soil formation
water retention
peat formation
builds soil in rock crevices and fills ponds with soil
sphagnum
has high water retention
used when plants get transported
sphagnum
sphagnum AKA
bog moss
cotton moss
peat produced by
dead parts of sphagnum carbonized over thousands of years
use of peat
food fuel source
good manure
used to overcome soil alkinity
which moss is used against kidney stones
polytrichum
marchantia
funaria
sphagnum
liverwort AKA
mosses AKA
hepaticopsida
bryopsida
first terrestrial plants to posses vascular sysem
pteriophytes
dominant phase in pteridophytes
sporophyte
first plant to have true stem , roots and leaves
pteridophytes
leaves in pteridophytes can be small or big
they are respectively called
microphyl and macrophyl
pteridophytes
microphyll present in
macrophyl present in
selaginella
ferns
leaves having sporangia are called
sporophylls
sporangia contain
sporogenous tissue
sporangenous tissue undergoes what type of division
sporic meiosis
sporophyls compactly arranged into
strobili (cones)
strobili present in
selaginella and equisetum
homosporus pteridophytes
dryopteris
lycopodium
heterosporus pteridophytes
marsiela
azolla
selaginella
salvinia
gametophyte of pteridophyte is known as
prothallus
homosporous pteridophytes are ………(dioecious/monoecious)
while heterosporous pteridophytes are …….
(dioecious/monoecious)
monoecious
dioecious
pteridophytes thrive in
cool, damp, shady areas
therefor geographically restricted
pteridophytes require water for fertilization
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
pteridophyte sperm is (flagellated or non flagellated)
flagellated
in pteridophytes, zygote develops into the embryo inside the
female gametophyte
why can’t heterosporous cryptogams (selaginella, marsilea) produce seed
pteridophytes are divided into
psilopsida
lycopsida
sphenopsida
pteridopsida
example of psilopsida
psilotum
example of lycopsida
lycopodium and selaginella
example of sphenopsida
equistem
equisetum AKA
horse tail
example of pteridopsida
Dryopteris
pteris
adiantum
azolla
dryopteris and adiantum AKA
male shield fern
walking fern , maidenhair dern
anthelmintic drug obtained from
dryopteris
pteridophyte that is a good source of starch
marsilea
which pteridophyte is used for polishing metals and scouring
equisetum
Equisetum (horse tail)
terrestrial fern
salvinia
selaginella
most primitive and advanced of the pteridophytes
psilopsida
pteridopsida
which pteridophyte is used as a biofertilizer
azolla
The Sequoia (redwood tree) is ONE OF THE TALLEST trees in the world
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
dominant body in gymnosperms
sporophyte
root system in gymnosperms
tap root system
root comparison in pinus and cycas
roots associated with fungi , forming mycorrhiza
coralloid roots associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
seed comparison in pinus and cycas
winged
non winged
stem comparison in pinus and cycas
branched
unbranched
pollen comparison in pinus and cycas
monoecious
dioecious
leaves of pinus
thin , reduced , needle like
thick cuticle
sunken stomata
leaves of cycas
initially pinnately compound then becomes palmately compound
shape of the leaves of ginkgo biloba
fan shaped
gymnosperms
microsporophylls are compactly arranged to form
male strobilli
gymnosperms
microsporophylls bear
microsporangia
gymnosperms
microsporangia bear
microspore mother cell
gymnosperms
microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form
microspore
gymnosperms
microspore develops into
male gametophyte
male gametophyte in gymnosperms are
reduced to only a few cells (pollen grain)
gymnosperms
megasporophylls are compactly arranged to form
female strobilli
gymnosperms
megasporophyll contain
integumented megasporangia (ovule)
gymnosperms
ovule consists of
nucellus
Gymnosperms
male and female reproductive bodies are bourne on the same tree in ………… and different tree in …………
pinus
cycas
gymnosperms
how many archegonia on the female gametophyte
2
gymnosperms
female gametophyte is retained within the megasporangium
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
therefor seed habit observed for the first time
Edible seeds of Pinus gerardiana
chilgoza
what kind of wood do gymnosperms possess
soft wood
soft wood is used for making
furniture , railway sleepers , match sticks , paper
what is used to make fiber boards
needles of pinus
ephendrine drug is obtained from and is used for
ephedra
respiratory ailments
drug taxol is obtained from and is used for
bark of taxus
anticancerous drug
ploidy of endosperm of gymnosperm
haploid
cycas
pinus
cedrus
Ginkgo biloba
fruiting plant
angiosperm
ovary observed for first time
angiosperm
smallest angiosperm
wolfia
tallest angiosperm
eucalaptus
angioseprm divided into
monocot and dicot
sex organ of angiosperm
stamen and carpel
stamen divided into
filament and anther
carpel divided into
stigma
style
ovary
where is the placenta present in the ovary
ovarian cavity
number of ovules in an ovary =
1 (give example)
many (give example)
wheat, mango
papaya, watermelon
angiosperm
functional megaspore develops into
female gametophyte
angiosperm
female gametophyte AKA
embryo sac
structure of embryo sac
3 antipodal cells
1 central cell
2 synergid cells
1 egg
number of cells and number of nuclei in an embryo sac
7 cells
8 nuclei
the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through the
chalazal end
pollen grain contains how many gamets
2
polar nuclei of embryosac fuse to form
diploid secondary nucleus
what do each of the 2 male gamets do in angiosperm
this even is known as
1 fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote
while the other fuses with the secondary nuclear to form TRIPLOID primary endosperm nucleus
double fertilization
double fertilization is unique to
angiosperm
what happens to the synergid cells and antipodal cells after fertilization
they degenerate
angiosperm
zygote develops into
ovule develops into
ovary develops into
embro
seed
fruit
medicines are obtained from which angiosperms
quinine
belladonna
ashwagandha
angiosperm provide what type of wood
hard wood
hardwood is obtained from
sisham
teak
oak
sandlewood
types of life cycles
haplontic
diplontic
haplo-diplontic
in haplontic life cycle diploid phase is represented by
a single zygote
plants showing haplontic life cycle
most algae
plants showing diplontic life cycle
angio and gymnosperms
algae that shows diplontic life cycle
fucus
haplodiplontic life cycle is shown by
bryophytes and pteridophytes
haplodiplontic life cycle of bryophytes
dominant gametophyte
sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte
haplodiplontic life cycle of pteriophyte
dominant sporophyte but gametophyte independent of sporophyte
algae showing haplodiplontic life cycle
ectocarpus , laminaria, polysiphonia
explain zooidogamy
and give exmples that show this
motile male gamete reach female gamete by swiming
algae , bryophyte , pteridophyte
explain sphinogamy
non-motile male gamete reach female gemete via pollen tube
gymno and angiosperm
sulphur shower due to which plant
pinus
smallest gymnosperm
zamia
largest gymnosperm
sequoia
in gymnosperms what do
1) testa, tegmen and perisperm
2) endosperm
3) plumule, radicle , suspensors and cotyledons
represent
1) parental sporophye
2) female gametophyte
3) future sporophyte
name the living fossils of plant kingdom
cycas , ginkgo , metasequoia
connecting link between Cyclades and conifers
ginkgo biloba
largest ovule found in
cycas revoluta
largest cone found in
cycas circinalis
largest male and female gamete
cycas
red algea has what type of sexual reproduction
oogamous
are gemme present in mosses
no
Is there a gymnosperm that has a motile male gamete
If yes give an example
Yes
cycas
what forms the egg apparatus
egg cell and synergid cells
