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NEET BOTONY > MINERAL NUTRITION > Flashcards

MINERAL NUTRITION Flashcards

1
Q

define hydroponics

A

soil-less growth of plants in a solution mineral solution

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2
Q

hydroponics introduced by

A

Julius Von Sachs

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3
Q

in the hydroponics experimental set up why is the lid covered by black paper

A

prevent algal contamination prevent roots from reacting to sunlight

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4
Q

significance of hydroponics

A

can be used in areas with thin infertile soil pH can be altered for specific plants soil borne pathogens are controlled problem of weeding is avoided

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5
Q

when is a mineral defined an essential

A

if the mineral has a specific structural of physiological role without which the plant cannot survive

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6
Q

criteria for an element to be classified as essential was introduced by

A

Arnon and stout

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7
Q

criteria for an element to be essential

A
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8
Q

How many macronutrients are present in plants

A

9

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9
Q

name the macronutrients

A

C , H , O , N , P , K , S , Mg , Ca

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10
Q

how much macro and micro nutrients are present in 1 kg of dry weight of the plant

A

10 mmoles / kg

< 10 mmoles / kg

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11
Q

excess of macronutrients is toxic for the plants

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

Not toxic

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12
Q

excess fo micronutrients is toxic for plants

TRUE OR FLASE

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Name the beneficial elements

A

Na, Co , Si, selinium

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14
Q

function of macro nutrients

A

formation of major biomolecules

for building of plant body and protoplasmic constituents

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15
Q

function of micronutrients

A

required for functioning of enzymes

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

name the structural elements

A

C, H, O, N

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18
Q

Nitrogen is a constituent in (3)

A

chlorophyll

amino acids

proteins

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19
Q

elements present in energy-related compounds

A

Mg in chlorophyll

P in ATP

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20
Q

Elements that are activators and inhibitors

A

Mg2+

Mo

Zn2+

Mn2+

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21
Q

Mg2+ is activator for

A

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO)

Phosphenlose pyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase)

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22
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase is activated by

A

Zn2+

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23
Q

nitrogenase is activated by

A

Mo

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24
Q

photolysis of water aided by

A

Mn2+

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25
Q

osmotic potential and cell turgidity is maintained by

A

K , Cl , sulphate

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26
Q

opening and closing of stomata maintained by

A

K

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27
Q

Phophate acts as a

A

buffer

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

which element is needed in greatest amounts

A

Nitrogen

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30
Q

nitrogen is absorbed mainly in …………

and also in the form ……..&……..

A

NO3 -

NO2 - , NH4 +

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31
Q

meristematic tissue and metabolically active cells require which element

A

nitrogen

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32
Q

phosphorous is absorbed as

A

phosphate ions

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33
Q

phosphorous is present in

A

developing fruit , seeds , storage organs , young meristematic tissue

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34
Q

role of phosphorous

A

RNA , DNA , ATP , NADP

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35
Q

Deficiency of phosphrous leads to

A

purple red spots on leaves

delay in seed germination

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36
Q

potasium absorbed as

A

K+

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37
Q

role of potassium

A

anion cation balance

protein synthesis

opening of stomata

activates enzymes present in reactions such as phosphorylation , photosynthesis , respiration and synthesis of chlorophyll

maintains cell tugidity

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38
Q

deficiency of potassium leads to

A

scorched leaf tips

decreased cambial activity

degeneration of plastids

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39
Q

calcium is required at

A

meristematic tissue and differentiating tissue

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40
Q

calcium is absorbed in the form of

A

Ca2+

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41
Q

role of calcium

A

forms middle lamella

required in formation of spindle fibers

required for normal working of cell membrane

activates enzymes like ATPase, alpha-amylase , phospholipase

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42
Q

magnesium absorbed in the form of

A

Mg2+

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43
Q

magnesium is required where

A

at the growing parts of stem , roots, seeds , leaves

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44
Q

role of magnesium

A

formation of middle lamella

required for association of ribosome subunits

activates enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration

part of the chlorophyll structure

involved in DNA and RNA synthesis

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45
Q

sulphure is abosorbed in which form

A

sulphate ion

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46
Q

role of sulphure

A

constituent of methionine and cysteine

required for formation of biotin and thiamine , coenzyme A , ferredoxin

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47
Q

deficiency of sulphur leads to

A

accumulation of anthocyanin

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48
Q

which micronutrient is needed in highest quantities

A

iron

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49
Q

iron is absorbed in which form

A

Fe3+ (ferric)

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50
Q

where is sulphur required

A

young leaves and meristem

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51
Q

where is iron required

A

in all parts of the plant

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52
Q

role of iron

A

constituent of proteins involved in electron transfer like ferredoxin , cytochrome

activates enzyme catalase

required for chlorophyll formation

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53
Q

which form is manganese absorbed in

A

manganous ion Mg2+

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54
Q

role of manganese

A

aids in photolysis of water

55
Q
A
56
Q

deficiency of manganese causes

A

gray spots in oats

57
Q

zinc absorbed as

A

Zn2+

58
Q

function of zinc

A

activates enzyme carboxylase

aids in synthesis of auxin

participates in tryptophan synthesis

59
Q

defiency of zinc causes

A

leaf malformation

or

little leaf

60
Q

copper absorbed as

A

Cu2+

61
Q

role of copper

A

associated with proteins involved in electron transfer

62
Q

Boron absorbed as

A

BO 3- , B4O7 2-

63
Q

role of boron

A

Required for uptake and utilization of Ca2+

needed for carbohydrate translocation

needed for pollen germination

needed cell elongation and differentiation

64
Q

deficiency of boron leads to

A

loss of apical dominance

absence of root nodules in legumes

65
Q

molybdenom absrobed as

A

molybdate ions (MoO2 -2 )

66
Q

funtion of molybdenum

A

involved in nitrogen fixation

component of enzymes such as nitrogenase and nitrate reductase

67
Q

chlorine absorbed as

A

chloride ion (Cl-)

68
Q

function of chlorine

A

anion cation balance along with Na and K

Also involved in Photolysis of water along with manganese

69
Q

Nickle absorbed as

A

Ni2+

70
Q

funtion of nickle

A

component of urea and hydrogenase

involved in urea metabolism

71
Q

nitrogen found where

A

all parts especially meristematic regions

72
Q

calcium found where

A

meristem and differentiating tissue

73
Q

phophrous found

A

developing fruit , seed , storage organs

74
Q

iron found

A

everywhere

75
Q

nickle found

A

seeds and leaves

76
Q

chlorine found

A

everywhere

77
Q

molybdenum found

A

everywhere , especially in roots

78
Q

boron found where

A

leaves and seeds

79
Q

zinc found where

A

everywhere

80
Q

copper found where

A

everywhere

81
Q

manganese found

A

leaves and seeds

82
Q

deficiency symptom AKA

A

hunger sign

83
Q

define critical concentration

A

the concentration of an essential element below which the growth of a plant is retarded

84
Q

Deficiency of what will cause chlorosis

(nani kovid mugged story from my zinc mohamed)

A

N , K , Mg , S , Fe , Mn , Zn , Mo

85
Q

deficincy of what will cause necrosis

A

Ca , Mg , Cu , K

86
Q

deficiency of what would cause inhibition of cell division

A

N , K , S , Mo

87
Q

deficiency of what will cause late flowering

A

N, S , Mo

88
Q

toxicity of Mn would cause

A

Prevention of uptake of Mg , Fe

prevent Mg from binding with enzymes

prevents Ca translocation

brown spots surrounded by chlorotic viens

89
Q

mineral absorption divided into 2 phases

A

initial phase

metabolic phase

90
Q

explain initial phase

A

passive entry of ions vio ion channels into apoplast

91
Q

explain metabolic phase

A

entry of ions into symplast by active transport

entry of ion is influx

exit of ions is efflux

92
Q

which is the limiting nutrient in natural and agricultural ecosystem

A

nitrogen

93
Q

what form does nitrogen exist in in the atmosphere

A

N2

94
Q

how much % of atmosphere is nitrogen

A

78%

95
Q

conversion of N2 to ammonia is called

A

nitrogen-fixing

96
Q

types of nitrogen fixing

A

Atmospheric NF

industrial NF

biological NF

97
Q

Explain atmosphereic nitrogen fixing

A

UV and lightening provide enough energy for N2 to react with oxygen to form NO , NO2 , N20

98
Q

explain industrial nitrogen fixing

A

Automobile exhaust and power station are good source of oxides of nitrogen

99
Q

Explain biological nitrogen-fixing

A

cyanobacteriaand other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen to form NH3 with the help of nitrogenase enzyme

100
Q

name free living N2 fixing bacteria and state whether aerobic or anaerobic

A

Azotobacter (aerobic)

Beijerinkio (aerobic)

rhodospirlium (anaerobic)

clostridium (anaerobic)

101
Q

name free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria

A

anabeana , nostoc

102
Q

name symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

rhizobium, Frankia

103
Q

what are the steps of nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixing

ammonification

nitrification

denitrofication

104
Q

explain ammonification

A

conversion of decomposing organic nitrogen to ammonia

105
Q
A
106
Q

bacteria aiding ammonifcation

A

bacillus Vulgaris , bacillus ramosus , actinomycetes

107
Q

explain nitrification

A

some ammonia volatize to atmosphere but some converted to nitrate by soil bacteria

2 steps

ammonia -> NO2 -

NO2- -> NO3 -

108
Q

What is the step 1 of nitrification and name the bacteria aiding in the process

A

ammonia to nitrite

nitrosomonas

nitrococcus

109
Q
A
110
Q

what is step 2 of nitrification and name the bacteria

A

nitrite to nitrate

nitrobacter

nitrocystis

111
Q

name the chemoautotrophs associated with nitrification

A

nitrosomonas & nitrobacter

112
Q

why is nitrate converted to ammonia in the plant

A

nitrate cannot be used by the plant

113
Q

what is nitrate assimilation

A

conversion of nitrate to nitrite to ammonia

114
Q

in nitrate assimilation, nitrate to nitrite is carried out by which enzyme

A

nitrate reductase

115
Q

nitrate reductase activated by which element

A

molybdenum

116
Q

out of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase which one is a flavoprotein

A

nitrate reductase

117
Q

nitrite to ammonia is done by which enzyme

A

nitrite reductase

118
Q

what is the source of electrons source for reduction of nitrite to ammonia

A

ferredoxin

119
Q

nitrite reductase is associated with which elements

A

copper and iron

120
Q

explain denitrification

A

left over nitrates in soil is converted to gaseous nitrogen

121
Q

denitrification carried out by which bacteria

A

pseudomonas denitrificants

thiobascillus denitrificants

122
Q

which bacteria forms nodules in leguminous plants

A

rhizobium

123
Q

which bacteria forms nodules in non-leguminous plants

A

Frankia

124
Q

explain nodule formation by rhizobium

A

rhizobium multiply and colonize a root hair

rhizobium produced Nod factor causing curling of root and hair and they enter the root hair forming an infection thread

bacteria reach the cortex and initiate nodule formation

bacteria stop dividing and form rod shape structure called bacteriod

bacteria release signals to cause the inner corticle and pericycle to divide to form the nudule

125
Q

how are nodules good for nitrogen fixing

A

contain enzyme nitrogenase and red pigment called leghemoglobin

126
Q

during nitrogen fixing

N2 is reduced by H+ provided

A

NADPH2 , FMNH2

127
Q

by addition of H+ during nitrogen fixing , N2 is converted to

A

dimide, N2H2

128
Q

Dimide is reduced to

A

hydrazine , N2H4

129
Q

hydrazine is reduced to

A

ammonia

130
Q

how many ATP molecules required to form 1 NH3 molecules

A

8

131
Q

function of leghemoglobin

A

nitrogenase enzyme requires anaerobic conditions

leghemoglobin is an O2 scavenger and therefor protects nitrogenase from oxygen

132
Q

why is NH4+ assimilated as soon as it is formed

A

becuse it is toxic

133
Q

methods by which ammonium is assimilated

A

1) reductive amination
2) transamination

134
Q
A

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