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Horticulture > Plant Improvement > Flashcards

Plant Improvement Flashcards

1
Q

Trash heap method

A

have a pile of organic ‘trash’ near the village, like a compost pile
as the fruits and vegetables rotted, seeds matured and sprouted when conditions were favorable

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2
Q

What traits have improved throughout time

A 
yield
flavor
seed retention 
upright growth habit
ease of harvest 
resistance to pathogens
tolerance of environmental conditions 
efficient utilization of nutrients
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3
Q

Important horticultural traits

quality traits

A

taste
color
storage quality
size and shape

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4
Q

Important horticultural traits

important for mechanical harvesting

A

uniform ripening
thicker shinned
resistant to bruising

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5
Q

Important horticultural traits

additional traits

A

flower shape, size, color, longevity
plant form, size, shape
folair characteristics, variegation, fall color, leaf retention

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6
Q

Variation

A

variation between individuals is the ‘raw ingredient’ for plant improvement
the basis for crop improvement is genetic variation
there is no basis for selection if all individuals are

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7
Q

Two factors of variation

A

environmental variation

genetic variation

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8
Q

Variation produces

A

new genetic combinations

desirable characteristics

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9
Q

Sources of new variation for plant improvement

A

recombination (meiosis)
spontaneous mutation
related species in plant families
germplasm collections

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10
Q

center of origin

A

where they evolved prior to domestication by man

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11
Q

gene

A

unit of inheritance

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12
Q

genes are encoded

A

by the sequences of bases

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13
Q

DNA is packaged in

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

chromosomes are contained in the

A

nucleus

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15
Q

information in genes is converted into / most genes encode

A

protein

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16
Q

proteins are responsible for carrying out

A

most of the essential functions in all organisms

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17
Q

different forms of the same gene are called

A

alleles

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18
Q

when both copies of a gene are the same in an individual are described as

A

homozygous

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19
Q

when two alleles of a gene are different in an individual are described as

A

heterozygous

20
Q

differences between individuals in the sequences of bases in genes can be the source of

A

genetic variation

21
Q

some alleles are deleterious and have negative effects

A

in humans cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia which are caused by genetic defects

most alleles of genes in plants do not have such drastic effects, red/pink/white flowers

22
Q

genotype

A

genetic information

23
Q

phenotype

A

appearance and performance

24
Q

phenotype is determined by

A

genes and by the environment

25
Q

some traits are controlled by

A

only one or two genes

26
Q

qualitative inheritance

A

simply inherited traits

27
Q

quantitative traits

A

traits are affected by the actions of many genes

28
Q

Strategies for plant improvement

A 
selection
random mutations 
polyploidy
plant breeding 
biotechnology
29
Q

Selection

A

identification of desirable varieties in natural population

30
Q

Two important points about selection of horticultural crops

A

selection is based on the utility of plants to the grower

selection is performed on a wider range of traits in horticultural crops

31
Q

natural selection

A

evolution

32
Q

in most cases, plants selected for agricultural purposes would not…

A

survive or be successful under conditions of natural selection

33
Q

Sports (aka mutants)

A

sports are the result of rare spontaneous mutations in cultivated plants that result in new plants with desirable horticultural characteristics

34
Q

examples of sports include

A

pink-fleshed grapefruit
seedless navel oranges
color variants of many apples

35
Q

chimera

A

only one layer of tissue is altered

36
Q

polyploidy

A

an organism has more than the normal diploid (2n) number of chromosomes

37
Q

Why are polyploids useful?

A

polyploids tend to have larger cells, resulting in larger fruits, flowers, leaves

can be sterile “seedless” watermelon

38
Q

plant breeding

A

deliberate hybridization of plants with complementary traits and selection of elite lines that combine these traits

39
Q

Fundamental steps in plant breeding

A
  1. identify plants with complementary characteristics that can hybridize
  2. cross these 2 plants
    - emasculate the female parent
    - collect pollen from the male parent
    - pollinate the female parent by hand
  3. collect seed and grow progeny
  4. evaluate performance of the progeny in subsequent generations
  5. select the best progeny after evaluating their performance
    - evaluation is carried out over several years and at many sites
  6. propagation of improved variety
    - production of seed or through asexual propagation
  7. file for a ‘plant variety patent’
40
Q

Hybrid vigor

A

cross, two different parents

plants are more vigorous, have a higher yield than inbred lines

41
Q

F1 hybrids

A

Parent A (male) + Parent B (female) = F1 hybrid

42
Q

Self-pollination

A

many crops are self-pollinated because they are not self-incompatible
grown as inbred lines
essentially all genes are homozygous
traits are stably inherited from generation to generation
breeding or new varieties requires the development and evaluation of new inbred lines

43
Q

outcrossers

A

do not self pollinate

many horticultural crops are natural outcrossers
-some have biological barriers to self-fertilization (incompatibility)

44
Q

gene introgression

A

new methods of biotechnology allow genes to be transferred from any species for plant improvement

45
Q

Challenges of breeding

A

only 1 out of 16 of the progeny will contain the combination of those two genes necessary to express both traits

Horticulture (21 decks)

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