Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Plant Growth and Development > Flashcards

Plant Growth and Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between plant growth and animal growth

A
  • Unlike many animals, growth occurs throughout a plant’s life (“indeterminate growth”)
    » Plant has embryonic, developing and mature organs all at the same time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are meristems?

A
  • A region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue
  • Growth occurs from undifferentiated tissues called meristems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of growth in plants?

A

» Primary growth: extends the shoot and roots (→ apical meristems)
» Secondary growth: thickens the parts produced in previous years (→ lateral meristems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Draw diagram of the Overview of primary and secondary growth

A

Google doc

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BpabtfqIj5MGsWdBTMRokVNMhJZjMkFjHpc7UqK5cCk/edit?usp=sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three different types of lifespans of plants?

A
  • Annuals
  • Biennials
  • Perennials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Annual plants?

A

» Complete life cycle (germination, flowering, seed production to death) in a year or less
» Most wildflowers, staple food crops (wheat, rice, legumes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Biennial plants?

A

» Require two growing seasons to complete life cycle (eg, turnip, carrot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Perennial plants?

A

» Live many years (eg, trees, grasses)

» Don’t die of old age, but usually disease of environmental trauma (fire, drought)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which part of a plant and which plants does primary growth occur?

A
  • Primary growth occurs at the tip of roots and shoots
    » Annual plants and (most) monocots have only primary growth
    » Woody plants: only recently formed part of plant is primary growth
  • There, apical meristem produce primary tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are apical meristems?

A
  • A meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that produces auxin and causes the shoot or root to increase in length.
  • All meristems at end of roots/branches called apical meristems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three types of primary tissue

A

» Protoderm → dermal
» Ground meristem → ground tissue
» Procambium → vascular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does all tissue originate from?

A
  • All tissue originate from rapidly dividing tissues (meristems)
  • Initially: two meristems in embryo (roots/shoots)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are apical meristems?

A
  • All meristems at end of roots/branches called apical meristems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a root cap?

A
  • The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil
  • Root cap – dome shaped cell mass that protects the (root) apical meristem as it pushes through the soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does primary growth occur?

A
  • Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells
    » Zone of cell division
    » Zone of elongation
    » Zone of differentiation (or maturation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Zone of Cell division?

A
  • Zone of Primary growth

» Zone of cell division: stem cells and their immediate products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Zone of Elongation?

A
  • Zone of Primary growth

» Zone of elongation: where new cells elongate (up to 10× their original length) → pushes tip further down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Zone of Differentiation (or maturation)?

A
  • Zone of Primary growth

» Zone of differentiation (or maturation): cells complete differentiation, become distinct cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the root epidermis?

A
  • Root epidermis – absorptive portion of root (no waxy cuticle), single layer of cells
    » Includes root hairs (70 90% of surface area)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cortex in roots?

A
  • Cortex – ground tissue (mostly parenchyma cells)

» Lots of air space between cells → easy flow of water and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Vascular cylinder in roots?

A
  • Vascular cylinder – solid core of xylem and phloem
    » Surrounded by root endodermis: layer of cell between ground tissue and vascular tissue, forms a barrier to regulate passage of substances from soil to vascular tissue
22
Q
  • What are the different arrangements of vascular tissue in roots?
A

» Eudicots (and conifers): star shape xylem

» Monocots: ring of xylem alternating in phloem

23
Q

How does Lateral growth in roots occur?

A
  • If resource rich pocket detected in surrounding soil → stimulates branching of roots
    » Lateral roots arise from stem cells on the edge of the vascular cylinder
    » Push through the outer tissues until emerge from the established root
    » Develop into lateral roots
24
Q

How does primary growth in plant shoots occur?

A
  • The Apical meristems in shoots are protected by leaves of apical bud
  • Apical meristem gives rise to:
    » Protoderm → dermal
    » Ground meristem → ground tissue
    » Procambium → vascular tissue
25
Q

How does lateral growth in shoots occur?

A
  • Axillary buds also have meristems
    » Axillary meristems chemically suppressed by plant hormone released by nearby apical meristem (“apical dominance”)
    » If apical meristem removed (or far enough) → axillary bud break dormancy and develop into lateral shoot (branch)
26
Q

Draw Lateral Growth in shoots diagram

A

Google Doc

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BpabtfqIj5MGsWdBTMRokVNMhJZjMkFjHpc7UqK5cCk/edit?usp=sharing

27
Q

In the structure of stems, what is the epidermis?

A
  • Epidermis (single layer, waxy cuticle)
28
Q

In the structure of stems, what are the ground tissues?

A
  • Ground tissues (mostly parenchyma, some collenchyma for support in growing tips, sclerenchyma in older tissue)
29
Q

In the structure of stems, what are vascular bundles?

A
  • Vascular tissue running the length of the stem in groups called “vascular bundles”
    » Near soil surface, bundles join into vascular cylinder of root
    » Vascular bundles have primary xylem and phloem, with xylem closer to centre of stem
30
Q

What is the organisation of primary tissues in young stems

A
  • Different arrangement of vascular tissues
    » Eudicots (and conifers): vascular bundles form ‘ring’ around stem
    » Monocots: typically distributed throughout ground tissue
31
Q

In which plants is secondary growth found?

A
  • Many land plants display secondary growth (growth in thickness) → secondary tissue
    » Secondary growth characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots, but is unusual in monocots
32
Q

Which parts of the plant can secondary growth be found?

A
  • Occurs in stems and roots of woody plants (in sites other than tips of roots/stems)
  • Secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by lateral meristems
  • Most trees adding diameter to stems/branches on annual/continual basis
33
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A
  • Occur in plants with secondary growth
  • Cylinders of dividing cells that are one cell thick
  • Two types of lateral meristems
    » Vascular cambium: secondary xylem (wood) and phloem → increases vascular flow and support for shoots
    » Cork cambium: produces tough, thick covering of waxy cells (bark) that protect the tree
34
Q

What are vascular and cork cambium?

A
  • Types of lateral meristems

- Vascular and cork cambium are “cylinders” of dividing cells (one cell thick) within the root/stem

35
Q

What does vascular cambium do?

A
  • Produces secondary phloem cells on outside and secondary xylem on inside
36
Q

Draw Vascular Cambium diagram

A

Google Doc

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BpabtfqIj5MGsWdBTMRokVNMhJZjMkFjHpc7UqK5cCk/edit?usp=sharing

37
Q

In relation to the cambiums, how does a plant thicken?

A

A stem or root thickens as secondary xylem, secondary phloem and cork cells are added. Most of the cells are secondary xylem (wood).

38
Q

When does primary growth cease to continue?

A
  • When the vascular cambium and cork cambium become active in the stem or root, primary growth has ceased in that area.
39
Q

What does secondary growth consist of?

A
  • Secondary xylem accumulates as wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements (only in angiosperms), and fibres
40
Q

What is Early wood and late wood?

A
  • In temperate regions
    » “Early wood” formed in spring has secondary xylem with larger diameter and thin cell wall to maximise water delivery
    » “Late wood” has thick cell wall to maximise support
41
Q

What are tree rings?

A
  • Tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet, and can be used to estimate a tree’s age
42
Q

What is Dendrochronology?

A
  • Dendrochronology is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change
    » More growth at warmer temperatures
43
Q

What is the cork cambium used for?

A
  • In early stages of secondary growth, epidermis is pushed outwards → splits → falls off
  • Replaced by cell produced by cork cambium
    » Inwards: “phelloderm” (living parenchyma cells)
    » Outwards: “cork”
  • Phelloderm and cork make up the “periderm”
44
Q

What is cork?

A
  • Cells (dead at maturity) packed with waxy, hydrophobic material (“suberin”), which makes the cork impermeable to gases and water → protects against water loss, physical damage and pathogens
45
Q

What does Bark consist of?

A

“Bark” = old epidermis, periderm, and dead phloem

46
Q

Provide a summary of plant growth

A
  • In woody plants, primary and secondary growth occur simultaneously
  • Primary growth
    » Adds leaves and lengthens the stems and roots
  • Secondary growth
    » Increases diameter in older regions of stems and roots
47
Q

What is the first step of plant growth?

A
  • Primary growth from the activity of the apical meristem is nearing completion. The vascular cambium has just formed
48
Q

What is the second step of plant growth

A

Although primary growth continues in the apical bud, only secondary growth occurs in this region. The stem thickens as the vascular cambium forms secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.

49
Q

What is the 3rd step of plant growth?

A

Some stem cells of the vascular cambium give rise to vascular rays.

50
Q

What is step four of plant growth?

A
  • As the vascular cambium’s diameter increases, the secondary phloem and other tissues external to the cambium can’t keep pace coz their cells no longer divide.
  • As a result, these tissues, including the epidermis, will eventually rupture. A second lateral meristem, the cork cambium, develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex.
  • The cork cambium produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis.
51
Q

What is step 5 if plant growth?

A

In year 2 of secondary growth,

52
Q

Draw a diagram of a root with labels

A

Google Doc

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BpabtfqIj5MGsWdBTMRokVNMhJZjMkFjHpc7UqK5cCk/edit?usp=sharing

Biology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions