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Biology > Animal Diversity II > Flashcards

Animal Diversity II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Deuterostomia?

A 
- Main shared features:
» Bilateral symmetry
» Triploblastic (ie including mesoderm)
» Deuterostome development 
- Two main phyla (despite appearance, DNA analysis suggests are closely related):
» Echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins)
» Chordates (mostly vertebrates)
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2
Q

What are Echinoderms?

A
  • A phyla of Dueterostomia
  • echinos = spiky, derma = skin
  • Generally slow moving or sessile animals
  • Separate male and female individuals
  • Appear radially symmetrical, but larvae are bilateral and adults are actually off-centred
  • Endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates (ie calcium carbonate)
  • Unique water vascular system
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3
Q

How does the Echinoderm water vascular system work?

A

Water enters through pore, flows into ring canal in centre, then down five radial canals running down entire arm into inflatable tubes

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4
Q

What are some examples of Echinoderms?

A
  • Sea stars
    » Arms radiating from central disk
    » Everts its stomach into shell of prey, digests it there, then brings it back inside
  • Brittle stars
    » Central disk, long flexible arms
  • Sea urchin
    » Roughly spherical, spines, no arms but 5 rows of tube feet
  • Sea cucumbers
    » Look quite different, but 5 rows of tube feet
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5
Q

What are Chordates

A
  • organisms part of phylum chordata

- All chordates possess 4 features shared at some point during their development

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6
Q

Draw the diagram of a Cordate at the stage where is possess all four shared features

A

in back of work book

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7
Q

What is the Notochord?

A
  • one of the four features inside a cordate
  • Flexible rod
  • Sits below nerve cord
  • Provides skeletal support
  • Replaced by bones in vertebrates (vertebral column)
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8
Q

What is the Dorsal, hollow nerve cord?

A
  • one of the four features inside a cordate

- Develops into spinal cord and brain (ie, central nervous system) in adults

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9
Q

What are the Pharyngeal slits or clefts

A
  • one of the four features inside a cordate
  • Used for suspension feeding in invertebrates
  • Develop into gills in non-tetrapod vertebrates
    » Develop into parts of ears and necks of tetrapods (four limbed vertebrates)
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10
Q

What is the Muscular post-anal tail

A
  • one of the four features inside a cordate
  • Extends posterior to anus
  • Muscular →movement
  • Often greatly reduced during embryonic development
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11
Q

Do all Chordates have vertebrae?

A

No, there are 2 chordate classes that don’t have vertebrae

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12
Q

What are the 2 hordate classes that dont have vertebrae?

A

» Cephalochordata (lancelets)
• Filter feeder, up to 6 cm
• Relatively rare, but at high density when found
» Urochordata (tunicates)
• Chordate characteristics apparent in larva
• Settles on substrate, then undergoes radical metamorphosis
• Filter feeder

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13
Q

What are Cyclostomes?

A
  • Split into two main groups:
  • Myxini (hagfishes)
    » Jawless
    » Reduced vertebrae, cartilage skull
    » Marine
    » Scavengers, teeth made of keratin
  • Petromyzontida (lampreys)
    » Jawless
    » Skeleton out of cartilage
    » Larvae life in freshwater streams, then migrate into sea as adults
    » Most are parasites
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14
Q

What was one of the major steps in evolution that expanded the diet of animals?

A

The evolution of Jaws

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15
Q

What are Condrichthyes?

A
  • It means (“cartilage fish”)
  • Sharks
    » Biggest vertebrate predators in oceans
    » Some suspension feeders, but most are carnivores → good sensory systems (vision, smell, sounds and electric field)
  • Rays and skates
    » Flat, bottom dwelling, eat molluscs
  • Chimaeras
    » Live in deeper waters
    » Feed on shrimps, molluscs, sea urchins
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16
Q

How long ago were Megalodon’s around, on average how big were they and what did they eat?

A

» Huge 18m long shark
» Lived 16-2.5 MYA
» Predator of large whales

17
Q

What evolutionary step happened after jaws?

A

well the calcified boned sort of happened at the same time as lungs started to develop in organisms

18
Q

What are Osteichthyes?

A
  • Bony fishes
  • Bony endoskeleton (calcium phosphate)
  • Breathe by passing water over gills (in mouth, through pharynx, out operculum)
  • Maintain buoyancy with air-filled sac (swim bladder), which developed from lungs
19
Q

How many classes of Osteichthyes are there?

A 
3 classes
» Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
• Over 27,000 species
» Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii)
• 2 species of Actinistia (coelocanths)
• 6 species of Dipnoi (lungfishes)
20
Q

What was the next evolutionary step after lobed fins?

A

Limbs with digits (fingers and toes)

21
Q

What are tetrapods?

A
  • (“four limbs”)
  • Amphibians, reptiles and mammals
  • Appear 365 MYA, after colonisation of land
  • Clear evolution of limb from fins in fossil record
22
Q

How many Orders does class Amphibia have?

A
  • 3 major orders
    » Salamanders (order Urodela, “tailed ones”)
    » Frogs (order Anura, “tailless ones”)
    » Caecilians (order Apoda, “legless ones”)
23
Q

Why are Apoda classified as tetrapods?

A

Even though they don’t have legs their ancestors did and due to the lifestyle of these animals they would have lost them somewhere along their evolutionary history.

24
Q

What happens during the life cycle of a frog?

A
  • Larval stage = tadpole
    » Aquatic herbivore
    » Initially has gills, tail, no legs
  • During metamorphosis:
    » Lose tail
    » Develop legs, eardrums
    » Most species lose gills and develop lungs
    » Modify digestive system to carnivorous diet
  • Adult is a terrestrial (land-based) hunter
    » Moist skin to improve gas exchange
25
Q

What are the major causes of global decline in amphibian populations?

A 
» Disease-causing fungus
» Habitat loss
» Pollution
» Agricultural chemicals
» Climate change
26
Q

What was the next major evolutionary step after limbs with digits?

A

The Amniotic Egg

27
Q

What were two was that Amniotes adapted to live on land

A

» Amniotic egg
• Amniotic fluid = “private pond”
• Hard shell → slow dehydration (mammals develop inside mother’s body, so don’t need shell to avoid desiccation)
» More efficient ventilation of lungs (ribs ≠ throat-based)
• Abandon breathing through skin → less permeable skin → conserve water

28
Q

Why are birds a part of class Reptillia?

A

They are descendants of dinosaurs and so they have a lot of adaptations that we can relate back to dinosaurs

29
Q

How long ago did birds evolve from dinosaurs?

A
  • 160 million year ago
30
Q

What were some of the adaptions that happened for birds to form?

A 
» Weight saving
• No bladder, no teeth
» Wings (remodelled tetrapod forelimb)
• Aerodynamic
• Honeycombed bones → lighter
» Feathers
• Made of β-keratin (similar to scales)
» Acute vision
» Fine muscle control
31
Q

How many known species of birds are there?

A

Highly diversified class (≈10,000 species)

32
Q

What was the next evolutionary step after Amniotic egg?

A

the production of milk (mammary glands) due to the increased level of parental care

33
Q

What are some shared features of class Mammalia?

A

» Nourish their young with milk
» Hair and layer of fat under the skin to retain heat
• Like birds, mammals are endothermic
» Differentiated teeth → chewing different foods

34
Q

When were the first true mammals alive?

A
  • First true mammals in Jurassic 200-145 MYA
    » Coexisted with dinosaurs
    » Small, not particularly abundant
  • Adaptive radiation after extinction of large dinosaurs 65-60 MYA
35
Q

What is the first major Mammalian clade?

A

Monotremes
» Echidna, platypus
» Australia / PNG
» Lay eggs

36
Q

What is the 2nd major Mammalian clade?

A

Marsupials
» Possums, kangaroos, koala
» Australia / America
» Embryo starts to develop in uterus, finishes in pouch

37
Q

What is the 3rd major Mammalian clade?

A

Placental mammals (Eutherians)
» More complex placenta (organ that feeds embryo)
» Complete embryonic development within uterus

38
Q

How many orders of Class Mammalia are there?

A

20 living orders

39
Q

Where do humans fit into the Animal Phylogeny tree?

A 
Humans evolved from primates ≈2.4 MYA, with appearance of Homo sapiens ≈0.2 MYA
» Domain Eukarya
» Kingdom Animalia
» (Superphylum Deuterostomia)
» Phylum Chordata
» (Subphylum Vertebrata)
» Class Mammalia
» (Subclass Eutheria)
» Order Primate
» Family Hominidae
» Genus Homo, Species H. sapiens

Biology (27 decks)

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