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Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What are fungi

A

Fungi are Unikonta whcih means that they are really closely related to animals.

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of Fungi?

A

Fungi are:

  • Eukaryotes
  • most are multicellular (but few are unicellular)
  • Have a cell wall made of chitin
  • diverse and wide spread
  • about 100000 species described (estimated 1.5million)
  • diverse reproductive cycles
  • play essential ecological roles:
  • break down organic material
  • recycle vital nutrients
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3
Q

Are Fungi Heterotrophs or Autotrophs?

A

All fungi are heterotrophs, however they do not feed like animals they feed by absorbtion, they cannot make their own food.

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4
Q

How do Fungi eat?

A

Digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) secreted outside the body break down the bonds in large food particles in environment and smaller molecules are then absorbed into cells. They have a versitile range of enzymes which explains their ecological success.

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5
Q

What are the different types of fungi?

A
  • Decomposers (“saprobes”) - absorb nutrients from dead organic material
  • Parasites - absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts
  • Predators - trap animals and digest them
  • Mutualists - absorb nutrients from a host, but reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
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6
Q

How do predatory fungi get their food?

A
  • Some secrete sticy substances that trap prey

- others trap prey with hoop-like traps

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7
Q

What it hyphae?

A

Thread-like filaments that make up a multicellular fungus and release enzymes to absorb nutrients from food sources

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8
Q

What is Mycelium?

A

The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).

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9
Q

Draw structure of Septate hypha

A

in back of excersize book

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10
Q

Draw structure of Coenocytin Hypha

A

in back of exercise book

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11
Q

How do Fungi reproduce?

A

By producing spores:

  • vast number of spores (puffballs can release trillions of spores)
  • when released, carried away, land, and if environment is moist and there is food, germinate, producing a new mycelium
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12
Q

What are the two ways fungi can reproduce?

A
  • Asexual: spores produced by mitosis
  • Sexual: more complicated … includes:
  • sexual signalling molecules (pheromones) and
  • Fusion of hyphae ->fusion of cytoplasim (“plasmogamy”) -> fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) -> diploid cell … meiosis then restores normal haploid conditioning
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13
Q

Draw the generalised life cycle of fungi

A

in workbook

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14
Q

How many different phyla of fungi do we have and what are they based on?

A

There are currently five and they are based on reproductive structures

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15
Q

What are the five Phyla of fungi?

A

1) Chrytridiomycota
2) Zygomycota
3) Glomeromycota
4) Ascomycota
5) Basidiomycota

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16
Q

What is Phylum Chrytridiomycota?

A

A phylum of fungi where the chytrids have flagellated spores called zoospores, but are true fungi (chitin cell walls, absorbtive mode of nutrition, hyphae)

17
Q

What is Phylum Zygomycota?

A

A phylum of fungi that has alot of diversity and includes fast growing moulds, parasites and commensal symbionts

  • named for their sexually produced “zygosporangium”
  • resistant to freezing and drying
18
Q

What is phylum Glomeromycota?

A

a phylum of fungi that includes glomeromycetes which are an ecologically important group: nearly all form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

  • mycorrhiza: fungal hyphae colonise plant root
  • Arbuscular mycorrhiza:hyphae reach inside the plant cell (through cell wall)
  • important beneficial partnership for plants (increases “root” surface area for nutrient acquisition by 200x)
  • 80% of plants have relationship with glomeromycetes
19
Q

What is Phylum Ascomycota?

A

A phylum of fungi where 65 000 species described and they have a varied clade:
- variety of habittas (marine, freshwter, terrestrial)
- unicellular yeasts to complex multi cellular fungi
defining feature is production of spores in sac-like “asci” (micro-macroscopic)

20
Q

What is Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Phylum of fungi where the name in derived from “basidium”, club-shaped spore producig structure in diploid stage
- AKA “club fungi
Very important for decomposing, like wood and other plant material (particularly lignin, an abundant component of wood

21
Q

What are some of the key ecological roles of fungi?

A
  • play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions and human welfare
  • they interact with many species from diverse kingdoms of life
  • decomposers
  • mutualists
  • pathogens
22
Q

Why are decomposer fungi important?

A

Their enzymes can break down almost any corbon-containing substrate (like cellulose and lignin)
they are so effective at breaking down stable carbons that they are being used to break down sewage.
Biotech applications
recycles elements like C, N and other elements which would not otherwise remain tied up in organic matter
without decomposers, life as we know it would cease to exist

23
Q

What happens in mutualistic relationships with plants and fungi?

A

Myccorhizae: symbiosis between plant and fungi that dramatically increases water and nutrient supply for plant in exchange for sugars from plant for fungi
- ectomycorrhizae - outside root cell
- endomycorrhizae - inside root cells
fossil record suggest this was important for colonisation of land by plants

24
Q

What are mutualistic relationships with animals and fungi?

A

some fungi share digestive services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cows and other mammals

25
Q

What are mutualistic relationships with fungi and protists?

A

Lichen: highly integrated symbiotic association of algal cells (usually filamentous green algae or cyanobacteria) with fungal hyphae (usually ascomcetes)

  • protist provides C and N compounds
  • ungus provides moist environment and minerals
26
Q

What percentage of fugal species are parasites or pathogens

A

30%, mostly on or in plants, each year 10-50% of the worlds fruit harvest is lost due to fungi

27
Q

What are human and fungal pathogens?

A

infected by fungal parasite = “mycosis”

- often by inhalation of spores

28
Q

What are some beneficial human uses of fungi?

A
  • medicine: many pharmaceutical ingredients are isolated from fungi
    research: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used model to study genetics of eukaryotes
    bioremediation: isolated fungal enzymes break down organic contaminants in wastewater

Biology (27 decks)

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