Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology-114 > Plant Form and Function > Flashcards

Plant Form and Function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Roots

A

the plant part not having leaves or nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tap Root System

A

long central shaft to store nutrients and to reach deeper water tables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibrous/Diffuse Root System

A

primary function is to support plant, secondary function is to access more shallow water supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tuber

A

sweet potato; swollen energy-storing roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adventitious (prop) root systems

A

root emerges from stem just above ground to help support plants in shallow soils

seen in the tropics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

snorkel roots

pneumatophores

A

emerge below ground but rise above ground to obtain oxygen fo respiration within the root. Usually present in species that have roots in water-saturated soil or standing in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Roots general functions

A
  1. provides moisture and inorganic ingredients to plant
  2. attaches plant to ground to let them reach for radiant energy above ground or to climb/attach to verticle surfaces for the same purpose (as seen in Ivy)
  3. Long term starch storage (ex carrots and potatos)
  4. Access oxygen (ex pheumatophores on mangroves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stems/trunks/shoot

axial

A

central column w/ spire shape for strength and shedding snow (spruce)

palm trunks are bare to reduce the lateral wind pressure in tropical storms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dendritic

A

Sub-branching for greater photorespiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Buttressed Trunk

A

for greater support in thin tropical soils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stems/Trunks/Shoot Functions

A
  1. Transport Nutrients/Water between leaves and roots
  2. Access to available light above surrounding structures
  3. Asexual reproduction- lateral stem runners above ground (stolons) and below ground (rhizomes)
  4. Photosynthesis in arid-dwelling plants, ex. cactus
  5. Water storage- cactus and certain vines
  6. Protection-thorns are modified stems
  7. Food storage- Underground stems: white potato, yams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of Leaves

A

simple, compound, doubly compounded, and needles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

needles function

A

give maximum water conservation and reduced (but year round) photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leaves Functions

A
  1. Photosynthesis- large doubly compounded leaves like ferns w many spaces to avoid rain damage
  2. Water collectors w leaves angled down toward central stem and axil collection basil
  3. attachment to other vegetation for climbing- pea leaf tendrils
  4. defense- most cactus spines are modified leaves
  5. water storage- aloe vera, succulent plants
  6. Obtaining supplementary nitrogen- carnivorous plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secondary cell wall

A

specialized chemical components corresponding w the cells specialized function

ex. waxy substances for the cuticle; lignin in xylem tissue for strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meristematic Cells

A

-Undifferentiated
-Rapidly dividing
-Simple primary cell wall that comprise the layers of active plant growth; are thin and flexible to enable the daughter cells to elongate

one daughter cell remains undifferentiated and rapidly dividing, the other usually becomes slightly “differentiated”-mainly in being less mitotically active and more ready to produce functionally differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Areas of active plant growth

A

-apical (stem and root tips
-lateral meristems (cambium)

cambium is a tissue layer that produces layers of xylem and phloem in woody plants and encourages the growth of roots and stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

-primary cell wall only; thin and flexible
-can either revert back to meristematic tissue, or form dermal tissue, ground tissue (leaf mesophyll cells, root cortex cells), and repair tissue
-less actively dividing than meri. cells
-remain alive
-make up the phloem cells

most common mature cells in the plant, close desc. of meristematic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer, single cell layer giving rise to root hairs, trichomes, leaf guard cells, and waxy cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

totipotent cell

A

a cell can be considered totipotent if it able to autonomously develop into a whole plant via embryogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

companion cell

A

large elongated cells of phloem that maintain the pressure gradient in the sieve tube elements

found only in angiosperms, a type of parenchyma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sieve-tube cells

A

are almost always ajacent to companion cells, formed from a series of elongated cells; the conducting element of phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

-Longer, thicker primary cell walls w somewhat more cellulose (no secondary wall)
-Function primarily in support (ex in vascular bundles)
-Can still stretch and elongate (ex in elongation zones near apical meristems)

much less abundant in the plant

seen in celeray stalks and most vascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

-Longer, thicker primary cell walls w somewhat more cellulose (no secondary wall)
-Function primarily in support (ex in vascular bundles)
-Can still stretch and elongate (ex in elongation zones near apical meristems)

much less abundant in the plant

seen in celery stalks and most vascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sclerenchya cells

A

-secondary cell wall impregnated w lignin
-do not permit stretching and elongation
-found in non-growth areas of the tree
-lose their cytoplasm and die when mature, leaving just the cell wall material

make up the xylem

make up tracheid cells, vessel elements, elongated fibers, and sclerid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tracheid cells

A

pitted tracheid cells retain a thin primary cell wall at the pits

the only cell type in xylem of many nonflowering plants

longer, thinner, and ends taper in comparison to vessel elements

27
Q

vessel elements

A

larger than tracheid cells and have large terminal openings devoid of all tissue

schlerenchyma cell

28
Q

elongated fibers

A

purely supportive tissue for making rope, hemp, and linen

schlerenchyma cell

29
Q

sclereid cells

A

short and tough schlerenchyma cells that reinforce nut shells and seed coats

30
Q

What is in the…

Epidermis

(of plants)

A

waxy cuticle, trichomes, stomata

-majority of stomata are on underside of the leaf closer to the spongy mesophyll, however

31
Q

waxy cuticle function

A

reduces water loss, protects against pathogens, and protects against herbivores

32
Q

Trichomes

A

the trichomes thwart small herbivorous insects, reflect exess incoming solar radiation, and conserve water

33
Q

Stomata function

guard cells and pores

A

-The kidney bean shaped guard cells take in water and become turgid (rigid) when moisture is present, opening a pore between them.
-Guard cells become flaccid and close the pore during dry conditions
-Stomata regulate water vapor (transpiration) and gas passage in and out of the leaf

34
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

elongated parenchyma cells, site of most photosynthesis

35
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

space for gas and water exchange

36
Q

Vascular bundle in mesophyll

A

xylem, phloem, and supportive collencyme cells

37
Q

Cross Section of a Leaf Order

A

-cuticle
-upper epidermis
-palisade mesophyll
-spongy mesophyll
-lower epidermis
-cuticle

38
Q

Stem/Trunk Cross section of dicotyledon order

from bark inward

A
  1. Bark
  2. Cork cambium
  3. Secondary Phloem Cells
  4. Secondary Vascular Cambium
  5. Secondary Xylem Cells
  6. Sapwood
  7. Heartwood
39
Q

Bark

A

cork cells

40
Q

Cork Cambium

A

produces cork cells, often with lignin, to outside the cork cambium layer

in between bark and secondary phloem cells

41
Q

Secondary Phloem Cells

A

transport photosynthate, nutrients

in between cork cambium and secondary vascular cambium

42
Q

Secondary vascular cambium

A

-Produces secondary phloem cells to the outside
-Produces secondary xylem cells to the inside
-Produces parenchyma cells horizontally (rays) that transport fluids/nutrients between inner and outer cells of the trunk

in between secondary phloem cells and secondary xylem cells

43
Q

Secondary Xylem Cells

tree

A

are active in water transport

in between secondary vascular cambium and sapwood

44
Q

sapwood

tree

A

light colored xylem layer active in water transport

in between secondary xylem cells and heartwood

45
Q

heartwood

tree

A

dark colored xylem in core of a tree that no longer transports water, but serves as a depot for resin (anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties)

46
Q

Root cross section order

from surface inward

A
  1. epidermis (with lateral roots and root hairs)
  2. Cortex
  3. Vascular Cylinder-
    3a. Endodermis
    3b. Pericycle
    3c. Phloem
    3d. Xylem
47
Q

Root

Epidermis

roots

A

-waxy cuticle layer reduced, increased root surface area for water/nutrient absorption

contains lateral roots and root hairs

48
Q

Cortex

roots

A

Parenchyma food-storage cells in the ground tissue of the root

49
Q

Vascular Cylinder

roots

A

in center, or if multiple, dispersed vascular bundles in cortex

includes endodermis, pericycle, and primary xylem + phloem

50
Q

Endodermis

root

A

important barrier in plant root functioning, site of Casparian strip

51
Q

Pericycle

A

layer from with lateral roots begin and grow

52
Q

root system

Primary Growth Zones

caused by apical meristems- increases the length of root and shoots

A
  1. Cellular Division Zone- A. Root Cap (loose epidermal cells); mucigel lubricant secreted to facilitate growth through soil. B. Apical meristem (tiny area of undifferentiated, but actively dividing tissue. C. Primary Meristem (just above apical meristem in root)- cells begin to differentiate
  2. Elongation Zone
  3. Absorption Zone

shoot system is similar to root tip but with leaves and lateral buds instead of root hairs

53
Q

Secondary Growth Zone

caused by lateral meristems (cambium)

results in increased girth (diameter) of the plant

A

Lateral meristem- cylinder of actively dividing tissue running the length of the plant and occuring just inside the perimeter of the stem or trunk

54
Q

Two types of lateral meristems

A

Cork cambium (located outside the secondary phloem cells) and vascular cambium (located inside the cork cambium layer)

55
Q

Cork Cambium

A

produces cork cells (bark) only to the outside of the cork cambium layer; no tissue layer is generated to the inside

located outside the secondary phloem cells

56
Q

Vascular cambium

located inside the cork cambium layer

A

A. produces phloem cells to the outisde of the cambium layer; this layer doesn’t increase in width much because as new phloem cells are added, older phloem cells disintegrate and are reabsorbed near the cork cambium
B. Produces Xylem cells inside the vascular cambium next to previous xylem tissue, and bc old xylem tissue doesn’t disintegrate, the girth of the tree increases
-several cell layers occur each growing season; spring cells are larger than late summer cells
-entire seasonal record is one growth ring

-no tisue layer generated to the inside; located in cork camb. layer

57
Q

Reproductive Zones

A

Flowers, seeds, and fruits

58
Q

The flower (general overview)

A

-primary design+function is to arrtact pollinating insects, bats, birds+small mammals by visual and/or chemical info (sometimes just one species, tailored by the pollinator
-protects gametes
-Provides forsexual reproduction
-promotes seed dispersal through fruit formation (a reward for the seed dispersing animal)

flowers facing down near ground for small mammals, figh and facing upwards for insects and birds

59
Q

Sepals

A
  • thicker, leaf-like photosynthesizing structures
  • enclose the developing flower bud and other reproductive structures
  • protects them from insects and disease
60
Q

petals

A
  • generally thinner, leafy, colorful and scented structures
  • located in a whorl inside the sepals
  • serves to attract pollinators

nectary at petal base may occur (contains a reward for pollinators)

-entire pedal assemblage is termed the corona

61
Q

stamen

A
  • structure producing the male gametophyte (pollen)
  • composed of filament (support shaft) and a terminal pad of pollen (anther)
62
Q

Carpel

A
  • reproductive structure that produces female gametophytes (and eventually eggs)
  • each composed of a swollen basel ovary with ova, a tubular style, and a terminal stigma upon which pollen lands and initiates growth of the pollen tube conveying the male gametes to the ova for fertilization
63
Q

Seed

A

-consists of a plant embryo, an endosperm as a nutrient source, and a seed coat
-seed has a longer lifetime and is less vulnerable to environmental extremes than a eukaryote spore

Biology-114 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions