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Biology-114 > Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic Animal Characteristics

A
  1. Heterotrophic lifestyle (consuming other organisms)
  2. Flexible cell membrane (associated with Extracellular Matric ECM)
  3. Glycogen as an energy storage products (comparable to starch in plants)
  4. Neuromuscular Tissue (associated with movement, most animals show movement at least in larval stage)
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2
Q

Protist Ancestors of Animalia

A
  1. Choanoflagellate protists are the closest living relative of the animals
  2. Phylum Porifera (sponges) is most ancient animal phylum with living representatives. similarity between feeding cell members of the choanoclagellate and choanocyte cells of the sponges
  3. “micro feeders”: flagellated collar cells show a phylogenic connection between protists and animals, and support belief that these specialized cells evolved when only the smallest suspended organisms were available as food ( bacteria and early protists) sponges are only animals able to capture such small food items
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3
Q

Choanocyte cells

A

cells with an attached cylinder of microfibrils within which a flagellum resides

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4
Q

Fundamental Traits used to define major animal groups

Number of germ layers

A
  1. no primary germ layer
  2. Diploblastic
  3. Triploblastic
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5
Q

No primary germ layer

A

Although cells come together to function as a multicellular organism, cells remain totipotent

Ex: sponges, spongebob intro

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6
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two germ layers form
1. Ectoderm: outer layer, skin and nervous system
2. Endoderm: inner layer, lining of the digestive tract

Ex: jellyfish

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7
Q

Triploblastic

A

Three germ layers
1. Ectoderm: skin & nervous system
2. Endoderm: Lining of digestive tract
3. Mesoderm: everything inbetween Endo and Ecto, gives rise to bones, muscles, organ systems, etc

Ex: all other animals

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8
Q

Symmetry In animals

Asymmetry

A

cannot be devided into equal but oppsite halves

ex: sponges

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9
Q

Symmetry In animals

Radial Symmetry

A
  • many planes can divide an organism into multiple equal but opposite parts.
  • Equal response in all directions, no leading edge

Ex: starfish

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10
Q

Symmetry In animals

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Only one plane will divide the animal into equal halfs

Ex: Humans

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11
Q

Body Cavity

Types of animals with mesoderm

A
  1. Acoelomate
  2. Pseudocoelomate
  3. Eucoelomate
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12
Q

Types of animals with mesoderm

Acoelomate

A

no body cavity exists

ex: flatworms

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13
Q

Types of animals with mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • Has a body cavity without mesodermal lining of organs
  • allows for easier diffusion of substances within organism
  • rubbing between organs and body wall occurs and is potentially harmful

Ex: nemotodes

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14
Q

Types of animals with mesoderm

Eucoelomate

A
  • animal has a body cavity and internal organs covered with a membrane derived from mesoderm
  • protects against organs rubbing
  • protects against foreign antigens entering a wound
  • found in most higher organisms
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15
Q

Embryology

Blastosphere

A

animal embryo at early stage when its just a hollow ball of cells

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16
Q

Embryology

Blastopore

A

hole formed in blastosphere that becomes either mouth or anus of animal

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17
Q

Embryology

Protostomes

A

animals where blastopore becomes mouth

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18
Q

Embryology

Deuterostomes

A

animals where blastopore becomes anus

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19
Q

Phylum Porifera

A
  • asymmetrical animals without germ layer
  • sponges
  • did not give rise to any other existing phyla
  • benthic (bottom dwelling), sessile, filter-feeders with variable body size
  • water canals throughout body
  • few competitors in early seas, but evolved chemical defense and sharp spicule physical defense (like fiberglass insulation)

commercial sponge strade has been replaced by invention of synthetic sponges

20
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • diploblastic, radial symmetry
  • animnals containing cnidocyte cells (Coral, Jellyfish, anemones)
  • evolved when macroscopic protists were abundant, well after sponges evolved
  • were sessile or slow moving
  • used nematocysts in cnidocyte cells to capture prey and for defense
  • Sessile forms supplement energy with a mutualistic algae (ex: coral)
  • most have a multipurpose, blind, gastrovascular cavity, extending to most of the body tissues for nutrient delivery
21
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

Nematocyst

A
  • Paralyzing harpoons launched by coiled tube within cnidocyte cells
  • exist only within cnidarians
22
Q

Lophotochozoan Protosomes

A
  • Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • protostome
  • show growth by incremental additions to the body (without having to shed to grow)
23
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of sense organs and nervous system at the front of an organism,

24
Q

Lophotochozoan Protosomes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

A
  • Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • Flatworms, parasitic flukes, and tapeworms
  • cephalization
  • tube-within-a-tube design
  • flat body maximizes surface area for diffusion of gases (no respiratory system)
  • first bottom-dwelling, flat, slow-moving scavengers
  • well developed chemoreceptors for localizing food
25
Q

Lophotochozoan Protosomes

Phylumn Annelida

segmented worms

A
  • Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • Earthworms, predatory marine worms, leeches
  • marine worms were first annelids, and majority of existing annelids
  • later annelids moved into freshwater and land
  • hydrostatic skeleton and setae for burrowing in substrate
  • repetition of body parts along body axis (segmentation) allowing independence of body parts

earthworms are important for cycling nutrients in ecosystems

26
Q

Phylumn Annelida

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

liquid inflated skeleton within annelids, aids in burrowing and locomotion

27
Q

Phylumn Annelida

Setae

A

bumps along the body of annelids, helps with burrowing and grip

28
Q

Lophotochozoan Protosomes

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • Chitons, snails, clams, cephalopods
  • second largest phylum after arthropoda
  • diverse, likely evolved from annelid ancestors
  • mantle, protective shell, muscular foot, and scraping radula
  • early mollusks fed on suspended and attached algae near shore
  • only snails moved onto land

many used for food, some are problematic like zebra mussel

29
Q

Ecdysozoan protosomes

A
  • triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • protosmes
  • show growth via repeated shedding of the outer body exoskeleton (ecdysis)
30
Q

Ecdysozoan protosomes

Phylum Nematoda

nematodes or roundworms

A
  • triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • occur in most habitats, including other organisms
  • likely evolved from flatworm ancestor
  • # of nematods > # of all other animals combined
  • can tolerate extreme conditions such as over 39 years of drought, freezing/boiling, anoxia, and acidity
  • primary adaptation is cuticle, which protects, prevents dehydration, and must be shed to permit growth
  • play active role in nutrient cycling
  • most abundant multicellular organism that feeds on bacteria and fungi in decaying plants and animals
  • cause diseases like trichinosis and elephantiasis
31
Q

Ecdysozoan protosomes

Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • insects, crustaceans, spiders
  • 80% of all known animal species
  • evolved from annelid ancestor (segmentally arranged appendages/ bodies)
  • Chitinous exoskeleton allowed for movement onto land
  • Tracheae system for breathing and diffusing oxygen into body
  • compound eye for spotting food from distance

70% of known animal species are types of beetles

32
Q

Deuterosome Phyla

Phylum Enchinodermata

A
  • triplobastic, radial symmetry
  • closest non-chordate relative to chordates
  • slow moving, omni-directional, heterotrophic
  • spines for protection
  • arms with gripping suction cups for locomotion and predation
33
Q

Deuterosome Phyla

Phylum Chordata

A
  • triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
  • all with notochord or more
  • progressively more mobile, more rigid-bodied heterotrophs
  • increased cephalization
34
Q

Phylum Chordata

4 key characteristics

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharyngeal gill slits
  3. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  4. post-anal tail
35
Q

phylum chordata

Notochord

A
  • fibrous support rod along the backj appearing at least during early development
  • replaced by vertebral column in the adult in later evolved chordates
36
Q

phylum chordata

Pharyngeal gill slits

A

initially used in filtering food in water, but later just for respiration

37
Q

phylum chordata

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

a single dorsal nerve for rapid sensory processing

38
Q

phylum chordata

post-anal tail

A
  • a portion of tail extends posteriorly past the anus
  • effective for locomotion in early evolution
39
Q

Phylum Chordata

3 subphyla

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata
40
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

6 major classes of vertebrata

A
  1. chondrichthyes
  2. Osteichthyes
  3. amphibia
  4. reptilia
  5. aves
  6. mammalia
41
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

A
  • Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)
  • first chordates with jaws
42
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Osteichthyes

A

bony fish

43
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Amphibia

A
  • frogs, toads, salamanders
  • first chordates to invade land
  • must stay close to water
44
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Reptilia

A
  • lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles
  • dry keratinized skin for fully terrestrial
  • became ruling terestrial vertebrates in mesozoic era
45
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Aves

A
  • birds
  • flight
46
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

Mammalia

A
  • monotremes: egg-laying
  • marsupials: pouched
  • placentals: with placenta
  • hair and milk

Biology-114 (9 decks)

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