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BIOL 1030 > Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are lichens and what did they do? How does the relationship work?

A

A symbiotic association between fungi and cyanobacteria, where fungi provides suitable habitat for the cyanobacteria, and the cyanobacteria provides photosynthetically fixed carbon as energy source.

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1
Q

What is the fungal component in a lichen?

A

Ascomycete (spore shooter)

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2
Q

What is the purpose of lichens in plant evolution?

A

that helped the introduction and evolution of land plants 550-600 million years ago

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3
Q

How did lichens reproduce?

A

Sordida: powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae.

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4
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

A non-monophyletic dioecious group of non-vascular plants that are small and occupy the ground or the bark of a tree. (e.g. mosses and hornworts)

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5
Q

Where are mosses found

A

inhabit diverse and/or extreme environments, most common in moist forests and wetlands.

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6
Q

What is the importance of mosses?

A
  1. Retain nitrogen in soil (nutrient cycling)
  2. Sphagnum (peat moss) forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material that are used as a source of fuel (450 billion tons of C stored in peat
  3. Peat moss acidifies the soil.
  4. Stabilizes CO2
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7
Q

What is the difference between a gametophyte and a sporophyte?

A

Gametophyte: structure that produces haploid gametes in plants

Sporophyte: Multicellular diploid form of the plant body

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8
Q

What is sporangium?

A

Structure on a sporophyte where meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop

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9
Q

What is the difference between antheridia and archegonia?

A

Antheridia: structures where gametes develop in male structures of plants

Archegonia: structure where gametes develop in female structures of plant

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10
Q

What are the 6 defining traits of bryophytes?

A
  1. Dominant gametophytic phase
  2. No xylem or phloem
  3. No roots
  4. No leaves
  5. No cuticle
  6. Sporophyte is dependent on the female gametophyte for nutrition
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11
Q

What are the steps of the moss life cycle?

A
  1. Mature sporophyte’s sporangium creates and releases haploid male and female spores from capsule
  2. Haploid spores undergo mitosis to turn into haploid gametophytes
  3. Antheridia within male gametophyte produces flagellated sperm while Archegonia within female gametophyte produces egg
  4. Sperm is released from antheridia and swims through water to reach and fertilize the egg in the archegonium
  5. diploid zygote in archegonium develops into an embryo which develops into the sporophyte
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12
Q

What are the parts of a bryophyte sporophyte?

A

Foot: receives nutrients from female gametophyte

Seta: elongated stalk for wind dispersal of haploid spores

Sporangium/Capsule: site of meiosis that creates haploid spores from 2n sporocytes

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13
Q

What is the difference between hornwort/moss sporophytes from liverworts?

A

Hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange, but liverworts don’t

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14
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

Anchor gametophyte body to substrate and help transfer nutrients.

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15
Q

What is the peristome?

A

fringe of small projections around the mouth of a capsule in mosses that disperses spores by flicking them away.

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16
Q

What is hepatophyta? Where are sporophytes and gametangia found?

A

Dioecous phylum of nonvascular plants with liver shaped/leafy gametophytes and extremely small sporophytes.

Archegonia or Antheridia are developed on gametangia elevated on gametophore, and sporophytes are found on the underside of female gametangia.

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17
Q

What is the difference between monoecious and diecious?

A

Monoecious: bisexual; plants produce both male and female gametangia

Diecious: unisexual; plant produces either ONLY male or ONLY female gametangia

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18
Q

What is anthocerophyta?

A

Group of dioecious non-vascular plants found in damp and humid environments with horizontal gametophytes, long tapered sporophytes, and lack seta.

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19
Q

What were the major evolutionary adaptations to seedless vascular plants?

A
  1. Vascular tissue allowed plants to grow tall
  2. Independent sporophyte, dependent gametophyte
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20
Q

What are the 3 defining characteristics of vascular plants?

A
  1. Dominant sporophyte
  2. Vascular tissues
  3. Well-developed roots and leaves
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21
Q

What is monilophyta?

A

Monoecious phylum of seedless vascular plants including ferns that were diverse during the carboniferous period

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22
Q

What is phylum lycophyta?

A

Dioecious phylum of seedless vascular plants that include club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts. They thrived for millions of years as giant lycophyte trees in moist swamps and surviving species are small herbaceous plants.

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23
Q

What are the parts of the mature fern sporophyte?

A
  1. Rhizome: underground stem produced by shoot apical meristem
  2. Leaves: produced by shoot apical meristem and branches into compound leaves and leaflets
  3. Roots produced by root apical meristem
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24
Q

What are the steps of the fern life cycle?

A
  1. Mature diploid sporophyte releases haploid spores from sporangium found in groups of sorii on the underside of a leaf
  2. haploid sporophyte undergoes mitosis to grow into a haploid gametophyte
  3. Small spem, producing antheridia are spread throughout the gametophyte while larger egg producing archegonia are found in the centre of the gametophyte
  4. Sperm disperses through air to fertilize the egg and create a zygote within the archegonium
  5. The zygote grows into a new sporophyte and uses the gametophyte’s rhizoids as its own.
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25
Q

What is an annulus?

A

Ring of specialized cells on the sporangium arranged in a single row and associated with the release or dispersal of spores.

26
Q

What are sporocytes?

A

Diploid spore cells within the sporangium that undergoes meiosis to form spores.

27
Q

What are the three tissue systems?

A
  1. Vascular tisuse: Xylem, Phloem
  2. Ground Tissue: Parenchyma, collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
  3. Dermal Tissue: Periderm, Cork, Epidermis, cuticle (only in above ground)
28
Q

What is xylem?

A

Vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals, made of dead tube-shaped cells called tracheids strengthened by lignin.

29
Q

What is phloem?

A

Living cells that are arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

30
Q

What are roots? What are the types?

A

Organs that anchor vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Includes:

  1. adventitious roots (from stem tissue in rhizome)
  2. lateral roots (secondary + branched)
  3. primary roots (originates in embryo.
31
Q

What are leaves? What are the two types?

A

Organs that increase surface area of vascular plants to capture more solar energy to be used for photosynthesis. Includes:

  1. Microphylls: leaves with a single vein (lycophyta)
  2. Megaphylls: leaves with a highly branched system of veins (monilophyta, gymnosperms, angiosperms)
32
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

modified leaves with sporangia on them

33
Q

What are sori?

A

Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls (ferns)

34
Q

What are strobili?

A

Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls (lycophytes)

35
Q

What were the major evolutionary adaptations to vascular seed plants?

A
  1. Seeds may remain dormant for days to centuries until conditions are favourable for germination
  2. seeds have a supply of stored food
  3. Seeds may be transported over long distances by wind or animals
36
Q

What are the reproductive adaptations of seed plants?

A

Seeds (and reduced gametophytes), flowers and fruits

37
Q

What are megaspores and microspores?

A

Haploid spores that develop into different gametophytes

38
Q

What is the difference between heterospory and homospory?

A

heterospory: spores of each sex created by sporophyte are two different sizes and sexes

homospory: spores of each sex created by sporophyte are morphologically indistinguishable

39
Q

What are the two spores of seeded land plants?

A

Pollen/Microspores: spores that are specifically male and give rise to male gametophytes

Ovules/Megaspores: spores that are specifically female and give rise to female gametophytes.

40
Q

What are the 3 defining traits of seed plants?

A
  1. Reduced, dependent gametophytes.
  2. Heterosporous
  3. Ovule consists of megasporangium (egg inclosure), megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
41
Q

How many integuments per megaspore in angiosperm and gymnosperm?

A

Angiosperm: two integuments
Gymnosperm: one integument

42
Q

What are microspores?

A

Spores that develop into pollen grains which contain male gametophytes

43
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen to a part of a seed plant containing ovules. When it germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

44
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperm seeds?

A

Seeds are exposed on sporophyll and form scaly cones that arent encased in an ovary.

45
Q

What is the life cycle of a pine?

A
  1. Mature sporophyte produces ovulate cone and pollen cone.
  2. Pollen cone has diploid microsporangia which house diploid microsporocytes that undergo meiosis to develop into haploid pollen grains
  3. Pollen grains are released and enter an ovule in an ovulate cone through the micropyle
  4. pollen grain attaches to megasporangium and creates pollen tube to lead to the female gametophyte.
  5. Sperm nucleus goes down the pollen tube to fertilize the egg produced by the megasporocyte within the megasporangium
  6. Zygote embryo grows within ovulate cone which, surrounded by seed coat, become a seed.
  7. Seed grows on surface of ovulate scale and eventually is dispersed, falling into soil and becoming a seedling sporophyte.
46
Q

What is cycadophyta?

A

Gymnosperm phylum that thrived during the mesozoic with flagellated sperm, large cones, and palm like leaves

47
Q

What is phylum ginkgophyta?

A

Gymnosperm phylum that consists of a single living species (Ginkgo Biloba). It has flagellated sperm and a high tolerance to air pollution.

48
Q

What are the three genera within phylum Gnetophyta?

A

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

49
Q

What is phylum gnetophyta?

A

Phylum that lacks diversity, although species vary in appearance and growing conditions (tropical, desert, etc.)

50
Q

What is coniferophyta?

A

Gymnosperm phylum that emerged during the jurassic period and makes up the majority of the gymnosperm group.

51
Q

What are the two main groups of angiosperms?

A

Monocots: one cotyledon; contains 50,000 species including lilies, orchids, corn, and grasses

Eudicots: two cotyledons; contains 200,000 species including elms, willows, roses, peas and canola

52
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

Embryonic leaf formed in embryonic development within the seed.

53
Q

What is a flower?

A

A flower is a specialized shoot with modified leaves that attracts pollinators and holds the reproductive structures of the plant.

54
Q

What are sepals?

A

Green and leaf-like strutcure that enclose other flower parts as a bud

55
Q

What is a stamen?

A

Male reproductive structure consisting of a filament (stalk) and an anther (where pollen is produced)

56
Q

What is a carpel?

A

Female reproductive structure consisting of an ovary (protects ovule, site of fertilization), a style (elevates stigma for easy access to pollinators), and a stigma (sticky end of style where pollen is received)

57
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?

A

Complete: contain sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

Incomplete: lacks one or more of the 4 organs

58
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Structured formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures to protect seeds and aid in dispersal.

59
Q

What are the fruit adaptations that help seeds?

A
  1. Seed coat: tough outer covering that helps seeds stay dormant before germination.
  2. Seeds are carried by wind (maple, elm, dandelion), water (coconut), or animals
  3. May need physical roughing up before germination
  4. Allow for sporophytes to be moved at a distance from the parent
60
Q

Where are Male gametophytes found in angiosperms?

A

Contained in pollen grains produced by the microsporocytes within the microsporangia of the anthers

61
Q

Where are female gametophytes found in angiosperms?

A

Embryo sac develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma.

62
Q

What are the steps of the angiosperm lifecycle?

A
  1. Microsporocytes in microsporangium of anther undergo meiosis to create microspore, which develops into a pollen grain that houses the generative cell. Megasporocyte in megasporangium of ovule undergoes meiosis to create megaspore which develops into 3 antipodal cells, 2 haploid nuclei central cell, and egg.
  2. Pollen grain lands on stigma germinates and creates a pollen tube that grows down to the ovary. The pollen grain contains two haploid sperm nuclei which enter the ovule through the micropyle.
  3. Double fertilization occurs where pollen tube discharges two sperm into the gametophyte. One sperm fertilizes egg to create 2n zygote, the other combines with the two nuclei in the central cell to create a 3n endosperm for nourishment of the embryo.
  4. The embryo grows within the seed, surrounded by the 3n endosperm and the maternally derived seed coat, until it germinates into a sporophyte

BIOL 1030 (13 decks)

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