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BIOL 1030 > Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 eukaryotic supergroups?

A

Excavata, SAR (Stramenopile, Alveolate, Rhizaria), Archaeplastida, Unikonta

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2
Q

What are the two major clades of Unikonta? What are examples of each?

A

Amoebozoans: organisms lobular pseudopodia such as slime molds and amoeba sp.

Opsthokonts: includes animals, fungi, and closely related protist groups including Choanoflagellates.

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3
Q

What are five characteristic traits of animals?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. No cell walls
  3. Motile
  4. Heterotrophic
  5. Embryonic Tissue
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4
Q

What connects cells in multicellular organisms?

A

Gap junctions: communication and movement

Tight junctions: structure

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5
Q

What is a diplontic life cycle?

A

A life cycle that begins with the fertilization of a diploid zygote from two gametes.

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6
Q

What are choanoflagellates? How did they live and what did they look like?

A

Choanoflagellates are unicellular ancestors/outgroup of the animal clade. They live in colonies, had a collar of microtubules and have a flagella.

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7
Q

What is significant about the Metazoa clade?

A

The Metazoa clade is the first group of multicellular organisms, also known as the animal clade.

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8
Q

What is the earliest descendant/basal group of animals?

A

The earliest descendant of animals is phylum porifera.

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9
Q

What is a choanocyte?

A

A cell evolved from choanoflagellate found in porifera and other phyla that has a structure almost identical to a choanoflagellate.

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10
Q

What are the three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals?

A
  1. Cell morphology (similar structure)
  2. Cell morphology unique to animals (no cell wall, no plastids)
  3. DNA sequences homology
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11
Q

What are the layers in sponges and what do they do?

A

Epidermis: thickly packed outer layer of cells

Mesohyl: Acellular gelatinous region of amoebocytes and spicules.

Choanoderm: inner layer of choanocytes that draws in food and passes them to amoebocytes

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12
Q

What are the functions of choanocytes, amoebocytes, porocytes, and spicules?

A

Choanocytes: Cells that move their flagella to create a current that draws water through the pores and through the osculum.

Amoebocytes: Cells that transport nutrients from phagocytosis of absorbed phytoplankton in choanocytes.

Porocytes: Cells that make up gaps for water to enter the spongocoel of the sponge.

Spicules: Cells that make up the skeletal fibres of a sponge.

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13
Q

What is the growth geometry of porifera?

A

Random asymmetrical growth.

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14
Q

What is the significance of the totipotency of sponges?

A

Gives sponges the ability to have a single cell divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism.

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15
Q

What is the earliest group with radial symmetry?

A

Phylum Cnidaria.

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16
Q

What are the horizontal planes of Cnidaria divided into?

A

Oral: Top half

Aboral: Bottom half

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17
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are groups of specialized cells that can be isolated from other tissues by membranous layers.

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18
Q

What is significant about the Eumetazoa and Parazoa groups? What differentiates them?

A

Eumetazoa and Parazoa evolved true tissues. Eumetazoa’s cellular layers have differentiated tissues and are separated by a membrane. Parazoa’s cellular layers lack differentiated tissues and are not separated by a membrane.

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19
Q

What are the two major events in Eumetazoan tissues?

A
  1. Cleavage: Zygote undergoes controlled cleavage (mitotic division) and forms a blastula with a lumen called blastocoel.
  2. Gastrulation: Blastula invaginates creating an outer ectoderm, an inner endoderm. Resulting structure is called a gastrula.
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20
Q

After gastrulation, are the names of the regions of the embryo from the outside going in?

A

Ectoderm: outer layer of embryo

Blastocoel: lumen of ectoderm

Endoderm: inner layer of embryo that creates a gut

Blastopore: opening of the gut created by endoderm

Archenteron: lumen of endoderm

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21
Q

What is diploblasty and what group originated it?

A

Two tissue system of embryonic tissues, first seen in the Cnidaria clade.

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22
Q

What are the layers in cnidarians and what do they do?

A

Epidermis: outer tissue created from embryonic ectodermis

Mesoglea: acellular jelly layer separating epidermis and gastrodermis

Gastrodermis: inner tissue created from embryonic endodermis

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23
Q

What are the two basic body shapes of cnideria? What do they look like and how do they move? Give examples of each.

A

Polyp (anemone/hydra): Cylindrical shape with mouth facing upward, aboral side lets animal crawl.

Medusa (jellies): Sac shape with mouth facing downward, oral side uses water current to move.

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24
Q

What is triploblasty? What layers are involved?

A

Three tissue system of embryonic tissues. Includes ectoderm (outer layer), endoderm (lining of digestive tract), mesoderm (forms muscles and most inner organs).

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25
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

A derived character that began in the deuterosome clade that allowed animals to have a dorsal/ventral side, anterior/posterior side, and a right/left side.

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26
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Cephalization is when sensory equipment is concentrated in the anterior end, which marks the beginnings of the development of a head.

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27
Q

How does the nervous system differ in an animal with radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry?

A

Animals with radial symmetry have networks of individual neurons that are spaced out evenly. This explains why they are often sessile/drifting.

Animals with bilateral symmetry have clusters of neurons (ganglia, brains) and clusters of sensory organs concentrated in the head that form a central nervous system. This allows the animals to have complex integration and behaviour.

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28
Q

In the evolution of a complete gut, which is the ancestral character and the derived character?

A

The gastrovascular cavity in the cnidarians is an ancestral character, but a complete gut is a derived character.

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29
Q

What are the two fates of a blastopore as a complete gut evolves? What are examples of each fate?

A
  1. It becomes the mouth in protostomia; anus could form later. (e.g. snails)
  2. It becomes the anus in deuterosomia; mouth forms later. (e.g. chordates, echinoderms)
30
Q

What are 3 defining qualities of an echinoderm?

A
  1. Water vascular system via hydraulic canals
  2. Tube feet for motility and sensing
  3. Movement of the ampulla (bulb) that pushes/pulls water for motility
31
Q

What symmetry does an echinoderm have?

A

Echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry, and adult echinoderm have pentaradial symmetry

32
Q

What are examples of echinoderms?

A

Asteroidea (sea stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

33
Q

What are 3 major chordate clades?

A

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata

34
Q

What are 4 defining characteristics of chordates and what do they do?

A
  1. Notochord: cartilage for strength/support
  2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord: Develops into central nervous systems and spinal cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits: allows movement of water and acts as feeding devices
  4. Post-anal tail: Contains skeletal elements/muscles that may be reduced during embryonic development
35
Q

What is segmentation? What 3 phyla is it present in?

A

A derived trait found in some bilatarians due to convergent evolution that consists of identical repeating body units. Present in arthropoda, annelida, and chordata.

36
Q

Describe cephalochordata and give an example.

A

Cephalocordata is the outgroup of the chordates and maintain the 4 defining characteristics across their lifespan. (e.g. lancelet)

37
Q

Describe urochordata and give an example.

A

Urochordata is a clade within phylum chordata that only exhibits chordate characteristics as larvae and undergoes metamorphosis so only the pharyngeal slits remain. It captures food particles with cilia and water exits through excurrent siphon. (e.g. tunicates)

38
Q

Describe vertebrata and give 6 examples of groups within it.

A

Vertebrata is a clade within phylum chordata that consist of animals with a vertebrae and skulls. (e.g. jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, amniota, and mammalia)

39
Q

Give two examples of jawless fish and describe their defining traits.

A

Hagfish: bottom-dwelling scavengers with a cartilaginous skull.

Lampreys: parasites with a cartilaginous skeleton.

40
Q

What is the defining trait of clade gnathostoma? Give an example.

A

Gnathostoma’s defining trait is the development of jaws from the skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits. (e.g. chondrichthyes = sharks)

41
Q

What is the defining trait of clade osteichthyes? Give an example.

A

Osteichthyes’s defining trait is the calcification/mineralization of a cartilaginous skeleton into bone. (e.g. seahorse, trout)

42
Q

What is the defining trait of superclass tetrapoda? Give an example

A

Tetropoda’s defining trait is the development of 4 limbs from lobed fins, a head separated by a neck. (e.g. frogs)

43
Q

Give to examples of amphibians and their defining traits.

A

Salamanders: aquatic/terrestrial amphibians that retain juvenile characteristics as adults. Fertilization is external.

Frogs: mostly terrestrial amphibians that have an aquatic larval stage. Fertilization is external.

44
Q

What is the defining trait of clade amniota? Give two examples.

A

Amniota’s defining trait is an amniotic egg with four extraembryonic membranes: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois.

45
Q

What do the extraembryonic membranes of an amniotic egg do?

A

Amnion: shock absorber

Chorion: gas exchange

Yolk sac: provides nutrients

Allantois: waste storage

46
Q

What are the defining traits of mammalia? Give three examples of mammalian clades.

A

Mammalia’s defining tratis are the production of milk and hair. (e.g. monotremata, marsupials, eutherials)

47
Q

What are the three clades of mammalia and what are their defining traits? Give an example of each.

A

Monotremata: lays eggs (e.g. platypus)

Marsupials: short gestation results in underdeveloped babies which further develop in a pouch (e.g. kangaroo)

Eutherials: long gestation results in better development (e.g. humans)

48
Q

What are the three grades of organization of body cavities? What differentiates them?

A

(eu)Coelomates: Cavity is completely lined with mesoderm. (e.g. annelida, chordata, echinodermata, mollusca, arthropoda)

Pseudocoelomate: Cavity is partially lined with mesoderm. (e.g. nematoda)

Acoelomates: no space between tissue layers (e.g. platyhelminthes)

49
Q

What are the defining features of clade lophotrochozoa?

A

Lophophore: ciliated feeding structure suited for jawless/aquatic organisms

Trochophore larva: ciliated larval form with a digestive tract

50
Q

What are 4 common structures of phylum mollusca?

A
  1. muscular foot: movement, prey capture, digging
  2. mantle: water-filled chamber with gills, anus and excretory pores that produces the shell
  3. radula: “tongue” to capture food
  4. Visceral mass: hoses internal organs and is pushed into the shell by the large foot.
51
Q

what are the 4 major classes of Mollusca and what differentiates them? Give examples of each.

A
  1. Gastropoda: One piece shell and uses radula to feed off plants and algae (e.g. snails/slugs)
  2. Bivalvia: Two piece shell and live as sedentary suspension feeders (e.g. clams, oysters)
  3. Polyplacophora: 8-plated mantle and scrapes algae from rocks (e.g. Chitons)
  4. Cephalopoda: Intelligent animals that use tentacles to grasp prey, have chromatophores for camoflauge, and use a siphon to propel itself through the water. (e.g. squid, octopi, cuttlefish)
52
Q

What are the defining traits of phylum Annelida?

A

Annelida consists of segmented worms with compartamentalized organs that live in water/damp soil. They have a trochophore larval stage.

53
Q

What are two clades of annelida and how are they different?

A

Errantia: actively mobile, predatory, segmented marine worms. Have parapodia used for locomotion and palps used for sensing.

Sedentaria: less active segmented worms that live in soil/water. May have elaborate gills when living in tubes (tubeworms), may be predatory (leeches), may extract nutrients from soil (earthworms)

54
Q

What is the defining trait of phylum brachiopoda?

A

Brachiopoda’s defining trait is their lophophore and their plane of symmetry is not along the hinge resulting in a dorsal and ventral side.

55
Q

What are two clades of brachiopoda and how are they different?

A

Inarticulata: small/no hinge with complete gut (e.g. lingula)

Articulata: Large robust hinge with incomplete gut

56
Q

What are the 4 defining traits of phylum platyhelminthes?

A

The defining traits of platyhelminthes are rudimentary cephalizatinon, incomplete gut, marine/freshwater and acoelomates.

57
Q

What are two groups within Platyhelminth clade Neodermata?

A

Parasitic trematodes: flukes that live on/inside other organisms (e.g. swimmers itch)

Cestodes: tapeworms that live inside intestines of organisms.

58
Q

What are the defining features of clade Ecdysozoa? Give examples of two phyla within the clade.

A

The development of a tough cuticle or shell, resulting in periodic moulting and stepwise growth. (e.g. Nematoda and arthropoda)

59
Q

What are the 3 defining traits of phylum nematoda? Give an example.

A

Nematoda (aka the roundworms) are pseudocoelomates with a moultable cuticle and are free-living/parasitic (e.g. C. Elegans)

60
Q

What are the 4 defining features of phylum arthropoda?

A

Segmented body, hard exoskeleton (cuticle), and jointed appendages, open circulatory system.

61
Q

What are arthropods appendages and what are their functions?

A

Leg joints: walking

Claws: Defense/intimidation

Fangs: Inject venom

Antennae: sensation

62
Q

What are the tagmata of an arthropod?

A

Head, thorax/cephalothorax, abdomen

63
Q

What are two major clades in Chelicerata and examples?

A

Eryterids: Horseshoe crabs, sea spiders

Arachnids: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

64
Q

What are the defining traits of clade chelicerata?

A

Two tagma: abdomen and cephalothorax

Six pairs of appendages: chelicerae, pedipalps (4 pairs in arachnids)

No antennae: sensitive eyes

65
Q

What are two examples of arthropod clade Myriapoda? How do they differ?

A

Centipedes: one pair of legs per segment, carnivorous

Milipedes: Two pairs of legs per segment, herbivorous

66
Q

What are two examples of arthropod clade Pancrustacea?

A

Crustaceans and insects

67
Q

What are the defining features of Crustacea?

A

It is a phyletic group with two tagma: cephalothorax (with antennae, chelipeds and walking legs), and a heavily muscled abdomen/tail

68
Q

Which arthropod clade started the evolution of flight and how?

A

Hexopoda evolved wings by extending the exoskeleton and cuticle.

69
Q

What are the defining features of arthropod clade Hexapoda?

A

Hexapoda includes insects with lightweight chitinous exoskeleton divided into three tagmata: head (5 seg), thorax (3 seg), and abdomen (up to 11 seg)

70
Q

What are the hexapoda clades that undergo complete metamorphosis?

A

beetles, flies, wasps/bees, moths

71
Q

What are the hexapoda clades that undergo incomplete metamorphosis?

A

leafhoppers/aphids and grasshoppers

BIOL 1030 (13 decks)

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