Plant Diversity Flashcards
List the general characteristics of plants
multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs; cell walls made of cellulose
Seedless, nonvascular plants
no true seeds, no xylem(water conducting cells) and phloem(sugar conducting cells); found in small, moist environments; Includes bryophyte groups; exhibit alternation of generations
includes Marchantia(Liverwort), Anthocerophyta(hornwort), and Bryophyta(mosses)
Alternation of Generations
life cycle involving alternation of a multicellular haploid stage with a multicellular diploid stage; occurs in most plants and protists
Gametophyte(1n)
haploid generation that produces gametes by mitosis; produces gametes on structures called gametangia
Female gametangia: Archegoniophore
Male gametangia: Antheridiophore
Sporophyte(2n)
diploid generation that produces spores by meiosis; produces spores on structures called sporangia
Dominant stage in Non-vascular plants
gametophyte
(sporophyte is small and attached to the gametophyte)
Seedless Vascular Plants
have leaves, stems, and roots with vascular tissue to support water; reproduce by spores; found in moist environments; include phylum Pterophyta(ferns)
includes Lycopodium, Equisetum, Ferns
Vascular Seed Plants
have leaves, stems, and roots with vascular tissue(xylem and phloem); seed provides protection and food source for developing embryo; divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
seeds are a major evolutionary adaptation, since it provides food supply for the embryo, can remain dormant for years, and drastically increase plant dispersal
Angiosperm
flowers, seeds develop from flower, fruit develops from ovary wall and encloses the seeds
Phylum Anthophyta
Gymnosperm
naked seed, seed develops into a cone; ovule that becomes seed rests exposed on a modified shoot or leaf; sometimes ovules are produced on a cone
Dominant Stage in Vascular Plants
Sporophyte stage
Bryophyte groups
Hepaticophyta(liverworts), Anthocerophyta(hornworts), and Bryophyta(mosses)
Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): are rhizoids the same as roots, what functions do rhizoids serve?
no, rhizoids only anchor plants to something(roots anchor plants but also provide nutrients)
Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): what is xylem? is this present in liverworts?
Xylem is a tissue that carries water and nutrients through a plant, this IS NOT in liverworts
(**phloem is also not present)
Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): What is a cuticle? Is it present in liverworts?
a cuticle is a protective outermost layer coating to prevent water loss, it IS NOT in liverworts
Review: what does haploid and diploid mean?
haploid: 1n, dealing with gametes
diploid: 2n, dealing with spores
Is a liverwort thallus in the gametophyte or sporophyte stage?
gametophyte
Why do liverworts tend to grow in moist or wet habitats?
it aids fertilization by helping sperm swim
Which generation stage is dominant in liverworts
gametophyte stage, because they are seedless, non-vascular plants
Bryophyta(mosses): Cycle
gametangia formed at leafy tips of gametophytes
sperm is released, antheridia swims to fertilize archegonia to produced a diploid zygote; divided by mitosis and develops into sporophyte that hold a capsule containing sporangium; sporangium undergoes meiosis to produce more spores that will germinate and become more gametophytes
Do mosses have xylem and phloem? Do they have roots?
No, they are seedless, non-vascular
Dominant stage for bryophyta: mosses
gametophyte stage(seedless, non-vascular)
Sori(singular sorus)
structure where ferns produce spores by meiosis in sporangia
Fronds
fern leaves, sori located on the underside
prothallus
heart-shaped gametophyte that forms from spores produced in sori for Ferns
How does the fern gametophyte arise
from spores
What two tissues are considered vascular tissues in plants?
xylem and phloem
Which of the two stages in ferns is vascular? Are both stages photosynthetic
the sporophyte stage; yes
Ferns tend to be found in moist habitats, what feature of their life cycle tie them to this environment?
the sperm, because they need to swim through water to fertilize the egg
Four living phyla of gymnosperms
Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta
Phylum coniferophyta
includes pines, firs, spruce, cedars, redwood; needle-like leaves with reduced stomata to reduce water loss; resin to reduce insect attac
vascular seed plant
Pinecones in reproduction
male pollen bearing cones that occur in clusters in spring, and large female ovulates;
male cones drop off in spring to produce pollen with the microsporangia to produce the male gametophyte
ovulate cones can take a few seasons to produce a mature seed, contain megasporaangium to produce female gametophyte
fertilization occurs 15 months after pollination, seed will germinate into sporophyte to develop into a pine tree
What structure is the sporophyte generation in pines?
the seed
What structure is the gametophyte generation in pines?
microsporangia pollen and megasporangium
What generation is dominant in pines? Is this the same or different from moss?
sporophyte generation; different
