Plant Diversity

Question 1

List the general characteristics of plants

Answer 1

multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs; cell walls made of cellulose

Question 2

Seedless, nonvascular plants

Answer 2

no true seeds, no xylem(water conducting cells) and phloem(sugar conducting cells); found in small, moist environments; Includes bryophyte groups; exhibit alternation of generations

includes Marchantia(Liverwort), Anthocerophyta(hornwort), and Bryophyta(mosses)

Question 3

Alternation of Generations

Answer 3

life cycle involving alternation of a multicellular haploid stage with a multicellular diploid stage; occurs in most plants and protists

Question 4

Gametophyte(1n)

Answer 4

haploid generation that produces gametes by mitosis; produces gametes on structures called gametangia

Female gametangia: Archegoniophore
Male gametangia: Antheridiophore

Question 5

Sporophyte(2n)

Answer 5

diploid generation that produces spores by meiosis; produces spores on structures called sporangia

Question 6

Dominant stage in Non-vascular plants

Answer 6

gametophyte

(sporophyte is small and attached to the gametophyte)

Question 7

Seedless Vascular Plants

Answer 7

have leaves, stems, and roots with vascular tissue to support water; reproduce by spores; found in moist environments; include phylum Pterophyta(ferns)

includes Lycopodium, Equisetum, Ferns

Question 8

Vascular Seed Plants

Answer 8

have leaves, stems, and roots with vascular tissue(xylem and phloem); seed provides protection and food source for developing embryo; divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

seeds are a major evolutionary adaptation, since it provides food supply for the embryo, can remain dormant for years, and drastically increase plant dispersal

Question 9

Angiosperm

Answer 9

flowers, seeds develop from flower, fruit develops from ovary wall and encloses the seeds

Phylum Anthophyta

Question 10

Gymnosperm

Answer 10

naked seed, seed develops into a cone; ovule that becomes seed rests exposed on a modified shoot or leaf; sometimes ovules are produced on a cone

Question 11

Dominant Stage in Vascular Plants

Answer 11

Sporophyte stage

Question 12

Bryophyte groups

Answer 12

Hepaticophyta(liverworts), Anthocerophyta(hornworts), and Bryophyta(mosses)

Question 13

Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): are rhizoids the same as roots, what functions do rhizoids serve?

Answer 13

no, rhizoids only anchor plants to something(roots anchor plants but also provide nutrients)

Question 14

Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): what is xylem? is this present in liverworts?

Answer 14

Xylem is a tissue that carries water and nutrients through a plant, this IS NOT in liverworts

(**phloem is also not present)

Question 15

Hepaticophyta(Liverworts): What is a cuticle? Is it present in liverworts?

Answer 15

a cuticle is a protective outermost layer coating to prevent water loss, it IS NOT in liverworts

Question 16

Review: what does haploid and diploid mean?

Answer 16

haploid: 1n, dealing with gametes
diploid: 2n, dealing with spores

Question 17

Is a liverwort thallus in the gametophyte or sporophyte stage?

Answer 17

gametophyte

Question 18

Why do liverworts tend to grow in moist or wet habitats?

Answer 18

it aids fertilization by helping sperm swim

Question 19

Which generation stage is dominant in liverworts

Answer 19

gametophyte stage, because they are seedless, non-vascular plants

Question 20

Bryophyta(mosses): Cycle

Answer 20

gametangia formed at leafy tips of gametophytes

sperm is released, antheridia swims to fertilize archegonia to produced a diploid zygote; divided by mitosis and develops into sporophyte that hold a capsule containing sporangium; sporangium undergoes meiosis to produce more spores that will germinate and become more gametophytes

Question 21

Do mosses have xylem and phloem? Do they have roots?

Answer 21

No, they are seedless, non-vascular

Question 22

Dominant stage for bryophyta: mosses

Answer 22

gametophyte stage(seedless, non-vascular)

Question 23

Sori(singular sorus)

Answer 23

structure where ferns produce spores by meiosis in sporangia

Question 24

Fronds

Answer 24

fern leaves, sori located on the underside

Question 25

prothallus

Answer 25

heart-shaped gametophyte that forms from spores produced in sori for Ferns

Question 26

How does the fern gametophyte arise

Answer 26

from spores

Question 27

What two tissues are considered vascular tissues in plants?

Answer 27

xylem and phloem

Question 28

Which of the two stages in ferns is vascular? Are both stages photosynthetic

Answer 28

the sporophyte stage; yes

Question 29

Ferns tend to be found in moist habitats, what feature of their life cycle tie them to this environment?

Answer 29

the sperm, because they need to swim through water to fertilize the egg

Question 30

Four living phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 30

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta

Question 31

Phylum coniferophyta

Answer 31

includes pines, firs, spruce, cedars, redwood; needle-like leaves with reduced stomata to reduce water loss; resin to reduce insect attac

vascular seed plant

Question 32

Pinecones in reproduction

Answer 32

male pollen bearing cones that occur in clusters in spring, and large female ovulates;

male cones drop off in spring to produce pollen with the microsporangia to produce the male gametophyte

ovulate cones can take a few seasons to produce a mature seed, contain megasporaangium to produce female gametophyte

fertilization occurs 15 months after pollination, seed will germinate into sporophyte to develop into a pine tree

Question 33

What structure is the sporophyte generation in pines?

Answer 33

the seed

Question 34

What structure is the gametophyte generation in pines?

Answer 34

microsporangia pollen and megasporangium

Question 35

What generation is dominant in pines? Is this the same or different from moss?

Answer 35

sporophyte generation; different