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BB10006 > Plant development - lecture 2 abc stuff > Flashcards

Plant development - lecture 2 abc stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three differences between plant and animal life cycles/development?

A

Post embryonic development, cell movement and planes of divison and totipotency.

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2
Q

Where does most of the development take place for an animal?

A

In the embryonic stage.

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3
Q

What are the main female reproductive parts of a flower?

A

The carpel which is fused to form a pistil which contains the eggs.

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4
Q

What are the main parts of the pistel, the female reproductive area of a plant?

A

A stigma, a style and the ovary.

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5
Q

What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?

A

The stamen, which is made up of anthers and filaments.

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6
Q

What is the gametophyte stage in the plant life cycle?

A

The gamete producing and haploid stage.

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7
Q

When do plants develop most of their organs?

A

After the embryonic stage - unlike animals.

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8
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Part of the seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo.

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9
Q

What are root apical meristems?

A

A group of undifferentiated cells that give rise to all of the below-ground tissues.

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10
Q

What are shoot apical meristems?

A

A group of undifferentiated cells that give rise to all of the above-ground tissues. They grow away from the plant in one direction only.

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11
Q

Why can’t plant cells move during embryonic development?

A

They have cell walls that cement them in place.

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12
Q

How do plants overcome the problem with cell movement during development?

A

The development of form is dictated by division planes and expansion of immobilised cells.

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13
Q

What are the two types of plant divisions?

A

Anticlinal divisions (cell plate at a right angle to the surface) and periclinal divisions (cell plate parallel to the surface).

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14
Q

What is totipotency?

A

The ability of a cell to give rise to all other cell types they came from.

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15
Q

What is the difference between multipotent stem cells and totipotent stem cells?

A

Multipotent stem cells can only give rise to some cell types , not all.

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16
Q

Why do plants contain totipotent stem cells but not animals?

A

Animals can run away from danger but plants cannot. They are more likely to be damaged.

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17
Q

What is a callus?

A

A mass of undifferentiated cells.

18
Q

How is a plant pollinated?

A

Pollen moves from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another flower.

19
Q

How many nuclei does a fertilised egg contain in a plant?

A

2.

20
Q

What are the four stages the embryo goes through after fertilisation in a plant?

A

The two-celled proembryo, the globular embryo, the heart embryo and the walking-stick embryo.

21
Q

What change occurs from the globular embryo to the heart embryo?

A

Two cotyledons form.

22
Q

How many days after fertilisation will the walking-stick embryo form?

A

9 days.

23
Q

What is the significance of the symmetric division in plants?

A

It means that the cells are no longer identical. (?)

24
Q

What is the difference between physical symmetry and molecular symmetry?

A

Physical symmetry is the daughter cells being the same size whereas molecular symmetry is molecules such as RNase being evenly distributed throughout the two cells.

25
Q

What do the apical and basal cell go on to form after the first division in the zygote?

A

The apical cell will form the embryo and the basal cell will form the suspensor.

26
Q

What do the two sperm cells differ in their role during fertilisation?

A

One sperm cell unites with the egg nucleus to form the zygote and one unites with two nuclei to form the endosperm.

27
Q

What does the suspensor do?

A

Anchors the embryo to the endosperm and serves as a nutrient supply for the developing embryo.

28
Q

What happens after the walking-stick stage in development?

A

Embryogenesis is arrested and the mature seed is dormant until germination.

29
Q

When are cells fate determined?

A

At the globular stage, despite the cell not appearing to be differentiated.

30
Q

What is development?

A

The emergence of organised structures from an initially simple group of cells.

31
Q

What are flowers and what use do they have in a plant?

A

They are a combination of different organs and depict what type of pollinators will be attracted to the plant.

32
Q

How do plants know when it is the right time to flower?

A

They can track the daylength and temperature and are good predictors of wen spring is coming and can have memory of the winter.

33
Q

What are floral meristems?

A

Blobs that come off the main meristem and give rise to the actual flower.

34
Q

What are the four organ types in specific positions on the meristem?

A

Sepal, petal, stamen and carpel.

35
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

A model derived from homeotic mutants of Arabidopsis.

36
Q

What was the homeotic mutation observed in drosophila?

A

They had functional wings that developed in the wrong place - they had two sets of wings but they are only meant to have one.

37
Q

What are hometic genes role in animals?

A

They are involved with organ identity and allow cells to know what organs they should become.

38
Q

How can mutants be induced in flowering plants?

A

Using some kind of chemical, radiation or insertional mutagenesis.

39
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

A model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ orientated towards sexual reproduction.

40
Q

What are the four wild type organ patterns?

A

W1 sepal, w2 petal, w3 stamen and w4 carpel.

41
Q

What are the four mutants/genes?

A

apetala2, apetala3, pistillata and agamous.

BB10006 (24 decks)

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