Plant Cytology Flashcards
Provides rigidity to the plant
- Protects the plant cell from
bursting under hypotonic
condition
CELL WALL
Regulate the transport of
molecules in & out of the
cell
Site of enzyme specific
activity
PLASMA MEMBRANE
small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of
neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing
living bridges between cells
PLASMODESMATA
Thick fluid
80% water — containing
amino acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, ions, and
enzymes
Site of many chemical
reactions
Suspends organelles & other
substances
CYTOPLASM
Control center of Cell
NUCLEUS
where ribosomes are
produced
NUCLEOLUS
threadlike
structures inside the nucleus that
carries the genetic material
(where DNA is packed)
CHROMOSOME
processes, and transports a
wide variety of biochemical
compounds for use inside
and outside of the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
contains ribosomes
-siteofproteinsynthesize
ROUGH ER
w/o ribosomes
- for production of lipids &
hormones
SMOOTH ER
On the cytoplasm as free ribosomes
and in rough ER
Synthesize proteins
Produced in the nucleolus
RIBOSOME
composed of membrane-
covered sacs called cisternae
the packaging and
shipping/distribution
department for the cell’s
chemical products.
GOLGI APPARATUS
double-membraned
site of ATP synthesis via
Cellular Respiration
power generator of the
cell, converting oxygen
and nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
MITOCHONDRION
gives shape to the cell;
protoplasmic streaming & bldg
blocks of cilia, centriole (direct the
cell during cell division), basal
bodies & flagella (locomotory
structure)
MICROTUBULES
for strength when exposed to
mechanical stress; muscle
contraction
MICROFILAMENT
maintain cell shape; suspend &
organize organelles; interconnect
cytoskeletal elements & organize
enzymes attached to them
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
Contain hydrolytic enzymes for
digestion of biomolecules;
protect cell from foreign
materials; digest subcellular
parts as immediate fuel during
cell starvation (“suicidal bag”)
LYSOSOME
contain enzymes
for oxidation of substances
PEROXISOMES
contain enzymes
for conversion of fats to
carbohydrates
GLYOXISOMES
plastids that have photosynthetic function
- contain pigment chlorophyll.
CHLOROPLAST
Membrane bound sac filled with liquid that contains a variety of materials (sugars, organic acids, minerals, etc.) in addition to water
Helps the cell maintain its shape; for space filling as cell grows
VACUOLES
A newly discovered organelle in 1990s
Thousands in a cell
Vaults
Membranes are composed of
_______ and _______
Phospholipids and Proteins
Membranes are commonly
described as a
FLUID MOSAIC
Because membranes allow some substances to cross or be transported more easily than others, they exhibit_____
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
Nonpolar molecules (carbon dioxide and oxygen)
CAN CROSS EASILY
Polar molecules (glucose and other sugars)
DO NOT CROSS EASILY
movement of substances across the membrane from higher to lower concentrations without the expenditure of energy
random movement of molecules
driven by the Law of Entropy (tendency to move from orderliness to a less ordered state)
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
movement of substances from higher to lower concentration
without the expenditure of energy
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
a process in which particles spread out evenly in
an available space
DIFFUSION
This means that particles diffuse down their
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
movement of substances from higher to lower concentration
without the expenditure of energy & with the aid of transport
proteins (TP)
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
movement of water molecules from higher to lower
concentration without the expenditure of energy
OSMOSIS
s a term that describes the ability of a solution to
cause a cell to gain or lose water
– is dependent on the concentration of a
nonpenetrating solute on both sides of the membrane
TONICITY
movement of substances across the membrane
against a concentration gradient using energy and with
the aid of transport proteins
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of large substances across the membrane by forming vesicles that fuse with the membrane
BULK TRANSPORT
used to import substances useful to the
livelihood of the cell
ENDOCYTOSIS
“CELL EATING”
PHAGOCYTOSIS
“CELL DRINKING”
PINOCYTOSIS
is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides
EXOCYTOSIS
Karyokinesis
NUCLEAR DIVISION
Cytokinesis
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION
Nuclear membrane intact
DNA synthesis ( chromosomes are
duplicating)
Growth (Gap) phase
Nucleoli visible
INTERPHASE
Nuclear membrane disintegrating
- Thickening, coiling &
condensation of duplicated
chromosomes
- Formation of centriole (in animals)
& spindle fibers (plants & animals)
PROPHASE
produces spindle fibers
forming astral rays
CENTRIOLE
direct the
chromosomes during cell division
SPINDLE FIBERS
Chromosomes align
at the center of the
cell
- Spindle poles at
opposite ends
METAPHASE
Sister chromatids separate & move at opposite poles
- Cytoplasmic division(Cytokinesis) is underway
- Formation of cleavage furrow in animal cell
& primary cell wall in plant cell
ANAPHASE
Nuclear membrane re-
forms
- Chromosomes de-
condense
characteristic of
interphase
TELOPHASE
reductional cell division
MEIOSIS
requires the aid of a receptor protein to take up substances
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
dock at nuclear pores, pick up
molecules synthesized in the nucleus & deliver to
various places in the cell
Cellular “trucks”
Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like
OCTAGONAL BARRELS ( AS THE SHAPE OF NUCLEAR PORE)
