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Botany Lecture > Plant Cytology > Flashcards

Plant Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Provides rigidity to the plant
- Protects the plant cell from
bursting under hypotonic
condition

A

CELL WALL

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2
Q

Regulate the transport of
molecules in & out of the
cell
Site of enzyme specific
activity

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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3
Q

small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of
neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing
living bridges between cells

A

PLASMODESMATA

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4
Q

 Thick fluid
 80% water — containing
amino acids, lipids,
carbohydrates, ions, and
enzymes
 Site of many chemical
reactions
 Suspends organelles & other
substances

A

CYTOPLASM

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5
Q

Control center of Cell

A

NUCLEUS

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6
Q

where ribosomes are
produced

A

NUCLEOLUS

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7
Q

threadlike
structures inside the nucleus that
carries the genetic material
(where DNA is packed)

A

CHROMOSOME

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8
Q

processes, and transports a
wide variety of biochemical
compounds for use inside
and outside of the cell

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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9
Q

contains ribosomes
-siteofproteinsynthesize

A

ROUGH ER

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10
Q

w/o ribosomes
- for production of lipids &
hormones

A

SMOOTH ER

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11
Q

On the cytoplasm as free ribosomes
and in rough ER
 Synthesize proteins
 Produced in the nucleolus

A

RIBOSOME

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12
Q

composed of membrane-
covered sacs called cisternae
 the packaging and
shipping/distribution
department for the cell’s
chemical products.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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13
Q

double-membraned
 site of ATP synthesis via
Cellular Respiration
 power generator of the
cell, converting oxygen
and nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)

A

MITOCHONDRION

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14
Q

gives shape to the cell;
protoplasmic streaming & bldg
blocks of cilia, centriole (direct the
cell during cell division), basal
bodies & flagella (locomotory
structure)

A

MICROTUBULES

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15
Q

for strength when exposed to
mechanical stress; muscle
contraction

A

MICROFILAMENT

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16
Q

maintain cell shape; suspend &
organize organelles; interconnect
cytoskeletal elements & organize
enzymes attached to them

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT

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17
Q

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for
digestion of biomolecules;
protect cell from foreign
materials; digest subcellular
parts as immediate fuel during
cell starvation (“suicidal bag”)

A

LYSOSOME

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18
Q

contain enzymes
for oxidation of substances

A

PEROXISOMES

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19
Q

contain enzymes
for conversion of fats to
carbohydrates

A

GLYOXISOMES

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20
Q

plastids that have photosynthetic function
- contain pigment chlorophyll.

A

CHLOROPLAST

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21
Q

Membrane bound sac filled with liquid that contains a variety of materials (sugars, organic acids, minerals, etc.) in addition to water
 Helps the cell maintain its shape; for space filling as cell grows

A

VACUOLES

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22
Q

A newly discovered organelle in 1990s
Thousands in a cell

A

Vaults

23
Q

Membranes are composed of
_______ and _______

A

Phospholipids and Proteins

24
Q

Membranes are commonly
described as a

A

FLUID MOSAIC

25
Q

Because membranes allow some substances to cross or be transported more easily than others, they exhibit_____

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

26
Q

Nonpolar molecules (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

A

CAN CROSS EASILY

27
Q

Polar molecules (glucose and other sugars)

A

DO NOT CROSS EASILY

28
Q

movement of substances across the membrane from higher to lower concentrations without the expenditure of energy
 random movement of molecules
 driven by the Law of Entropy (tendency to move from orderliness to a less ordered state)

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

29
Q

movement of substances from higher to lower concentration
without the expenditure of energy

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

30
Q

a process in which particles spread out evenly in
an available space

A

DIFFUSION

31
Q

This means that particles diffuse down their

A

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

32
Q

movement of substances from higher to lower concentration
without the expenditure of energy & with the aid of transport
proteins (TP)

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

33
Q

movement of water molecules from higher to lower
concentration without the expenditure of energy

A

OSMOSIS

34
Q

s a term that describes the ability of a solution to
cause a cell to gain or lose water
– is dependent on the concentration of a
nonpenetrating solute on both sides of the membrane

A

TONICITY

35
Q

movement of substances across the membrane
against a concentration gradient using energy and with
the aid of transport proteins

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

36
Q

Movement of large substances across the membrane by forming vesicles that fuse with the membrane

A

BULK TRANSPORT

37
Q

used to import substances useful to the
livelihood of the cell

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

38
Q

“CELL EATING”

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

39
Q

“CELL DRINKING”

A

PINOCYTOSIS

40
Q

is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides

A

EXOCYTOSIS

41
Q

Karyokinesis

A

NUCLEAR DIVISION

42
Q

Cytokinesis

A

CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION

43
Q

Nuclear membrane intact
 DNA synthesis ( chromosomes are
duplicating)
 Growth (Gap) phase
 Nucleoli visible

A

INTERPHASE

44
Q

Nuclear membrane disintegrating
- Thickening, coiling &
condensation of duplicated
chromosomes
- Formation of centriole (in animals)
& spindle fibers (plants & animals)

A

PROPHASE

45
Q

produces spindle fibers
forming astral rays

A

CENTRIOLE

46
Q

direct the
chromosomes during cell division

A

SPINDLE FIBERS

47
Q

Chromosomes align
at the center of the
cell
- Spindle poles at
opposite ends

A

METAPHASE

48
Q

Sister chromatids separate & move at opposite poles
- Cytoplasmic division(Cytokinesis) is underway
- Formation of cleavage furrow in animal cell
& primary cell wall in plant cell

A

ANAPHASE

49
Q

Nuclear membrane re-
forms
- Chromosomes de-
condense
characteristic of
interphase

A

TELOPHASE

50
Q

reductional cell division

A

MEIOSIS

51
Q

requires the aid of a receptor protein to take up substances

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

52
Q

dock at nuclear pores, pick up
molecules synthesized in the nucleus & deliver to
various places in the cell

A

Cellular “trucks”

53
Q

Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like

A

OCTAGONAL BARRELS ( AS THE SHAPE OF NUCLEAR PORE)

Botany Lecture (5 decks)

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