plant cloning Flashcards
what is micropopagation-
growing large numbers of new plants from meristem tissue taken from a sample plant
what is tissue culture
grow new tissues, organs, plants from certain tissues cut from a sample plant
what is the easist way to create plant clones
cuttings
what is a cutting
when you cut a stem between two nodes,
place cut end in moist soil
and new roots grow from tissue in stem.
what can be added to a cutting for plants that don’t root easily
plant rooting hormones can be added to cut stems to stimulate root growth
how can cuttings produce large plant numbers
root cuttings
or leaf cuttings
what is tissue culture
when you grow new plants or tissue from certain tissues of a sample plant
where is tissue culture carried out
in a nutrient medium like an agar plate
what is a common nutrient medium
agar plate
what tissue is used in micropropagation and why
meristem tissue, stem cell and it is free from virus infection
what process is tissue culture used in
micropropagation
what is an explant
explant is the plant which is selected and cut in micropropagation
why is it important to sterilise explants
to kill bacteria
bacteria would grow in conditions which plants grow in therefore it is crucial to get rid
what nutrients are present in the agar gel
plant nutrients ,plant growth substances such as auxin and cytokinin
what do auxin and cytokinin do
auxin- cell elongation in shoots
cytokinin- promotes cell division in roots
when meristem is placed in an agar nutrient medium, what is formed
a callus
what is a callus
a mass of totipotent, undifferentiated cells
in micropropagation, what happens to the callus
callus is divided to produce a large number of small cell clumps. they then divide and differentiate into different plant tissue due to different growth mediums
is micropropagation, small clumps of callus are moved to different growth mediums. describe
they all contain differnt concentrations of different growth hormones.
e.g. more auxin stimulate more shoot growth, more cytokinin stimulates more root growth.
what is the last step of micropropagation
moving plantlets to a green house to be grown in compost or soil, and acclimatised to normal growth conditions
what are the advantages of artificial plant cloning
rapid
replaces sexual reproduction
plants selected are all genetically identical to parent, same desired characteristics
all plants produced from micropropagation are all identical to …
eachother and parent
what are the disadvantages of artificial cloning
- tissue culture is labour intensive
- expensive
-reduce genetic diversity and plants are more susceptible to disease
no genetic variation
what does totipotent mean
stem cells which can differentiate into ANY cell type found in an embryo and extra embryonic cells
e.g. a zygote is totipotent, formed when sperm fertilises egg.
what is pluripotency
embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into ANY cell type found in an embryo but CANT differentiate into extra-embryonic cells.
what are multipotent cells
adult specialised stem cells which can only differentiate into a limited amount of cells
what are extra embryonic cells
cells which make up the placenta
what are the limited range of stem cells a multipotent cell can differentiate into
digestive tissue
nervous tissue
cardiac tissue
