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BIO203 > Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Why are plants important?

A

Produce oxygen for multicellular organisms, allowing them to survive and reproduce.

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2
Q

How is plant growth described? What does this mean?

A

Modular (growth in modules), reiterative (continuous).

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3
Q

What is determinate growth? Provide examples of plant parts that experience determinate growth.

A

Determinate development = predictable path and progress, has consistent outcome, specific stop and start times. Example: flowers, most dicot leaves

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4
Q

What is indeterminate growth? Provide examples of plant parts that experience indeterminate growth.

A

plant will continue adding new organs (leaves, stems, roots) as long as it has access to the necessary resources. Example: stem, roots

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5
Q

What does it mean when we say plants are developmentally adaptive? Provide an example.

A

When they are injured, they can use stem cells, convert other cells to stem cells and replenish the injured module. Example: all roots can produce new roots.

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6
Q

What are examples of organ systems in plants?

A

Shoot, root system, flowers

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7
Q

What are examples of plant organs?

A

lateral roots, stems, leaves

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8
Q

What are simple tissues?

A

simple tissues contain only one type of cell. The cells are very specialized for their function.

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9
Q

List simple primary tissues in plants and their corresponding cells.

A

Parenchyma (cells), collenchyma (cells), sclerenchyma (fibers, sclerids), root endodermis (endodermal cells), pericycle (cells).

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10
Q

Is the pericycle cell the same in the xylem and phloem?

A

pericycle cells have different developmental potential and gene expression in the xylem compared to the phloem.

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11
Q

What cellular components do parenchyma cells have?

A

Thin primary cell wall (usually unlignified), nucleus, cytoplasm, one (or more)
vacuoles.

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12
Q

What are parenchyma cell walls made of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

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13
Q

What colour does the primary cell wall of parenchyma typically stain under TBO?

A

Pink (because of pectin)

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14
Q

What are some functions of the parenchyma?

A

Photosynthesis, storage, pith, local transport.

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15
Q

What type of cells are present in this image?

A

Parenchyma

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15
Q

What type of cells are present in this image? (IN centre)

A

Parenchyma

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16
Q

How do collenchyma cells arise?

A

Diffrentiated parenchyma cells.

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17
Q

Are collenchyma cells dead or alive at maturity?

A

Alive.

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18
Q

Describe the cell wall of collenchyma cells and the advantages of its features.

A

Thickened primary cell wall
*offers more support
Usually not lignified
*Allows for further growth.

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19
Q

What colour to collenchyma cell walls stain under TBO?

A

Darker pink-purple. (pectin)

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20
Q

What are functions of the collenchyma?

A

Support, protection.

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21
Q

What type of cells are showcased in this image?

A

Collenchyma.

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22
Q

Are sclerenchyma cells dead or alive at maturity? Why?

A

secondary cell wall often takes up most cellular space, which is why it is dead at maturity.

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23
Q

Explain the cell wall of slerenchyma cells.

A

Thickened primary & secondary cell walls (usually lignified).

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24
What colour do sclerenchyma cells stain under TBO?
Blue/Blue green (lignin)
25
What are functions of slcerenchyma cells?
Support, protection from microorganisms
26
Where are the sclerenchyma cells in this image?
Blue ring
27
Indicate where the phloem, xylem and fibres are located in this image.
A = Xylem B = fibers C= phloem
28
List the complex primary cell tissues
Leaf mesophyll, Xylem, phloem, edpidermis, secretory tissues
29
What specialized cells make up the leaf mesophyll?
spongy mesophyll cells, palisade mesophyll cells
30
What specialized cells make up the xylem?
Fibers, parenchyma cells, tracheids, transfer cells, and (mainly in flowering plants) vessel elements.
31
What specialized cells make up the phloem?
Fibers, parenchyma cells, sclerids, sieve tube members and companion cells in flowering plants or sieve cells and albuminous cells in ferns and gymnosperms, transfer cells.
32
What specialized cells make up the epidermis?
Shoot and root epidermal cells, trichomes, guard cells, subsidiary cells
33
What specialized cells make up the secretory tissues?
Transfer cells, secretory cells.
34
List complex secondary cell tissues.
Secondary xylem, secondary phloem, peridermm
35
What specialized cells make up the secondary xylem?
Fibers, parenchyma cells, tracheids, vessels members (mainly flowering plants)
36
What specialized cells make up the secondary phloem?
Fibers, parenchyma cells, sclerids, sieve tube members and companion cells (flowering) or sieve and albuminous cells (ferns, gymnosperms)
37
What specialized cells make up the periderm?
Cork cells, cork cambium, parenchyma cells.
38
Exlpain the differences between vessels and tracheids.
tracheids are thinner, can transport high volumes of water. less likely to snap. vessels are thicker , transport higher volumes but are more susceptible to snapping.
39
How does the xylem differ from early on in life and at maturity?
Unlignified & alive initially, highly lignified & often dead at maturity.
40
What reflects the function and maturity of the xylem?
Secondary cell wall thickenings.
41
What do the vascular tissues of the pholoem develop from?
Procambium
42
What are functions of the phloem?
Transport. Fixed carbon (predominantly sugars), long distance signaling molecules.
43
What are sieve elements? Do they have a nucleus?
sieve elements are tubes in which transportation occurs. Do not have nucleus, companion cells help provide them with what they need
44
How does water move through the phloem?
movement via positive pressure. Movement of sugar drives movement of water.
45
What is the function of the epidermis?
Protective (biotic and abiotic factors), gas exchange & transpiration (shoot), secretory, structural.
46
What are trichomes?
Fine outgrowths on plants; "hair"
47
Where are apical meristems located? What do they do?
At or near the tips of roots and shoots Elaborate adult plant
48
What do lateral meristems do?
Responsible for secondary growth (increases girth)
49
What type of plants contain intercalary meristems? Provide an example.
Plants without secondary meristems. Monocots – Growth of cut grass
50
What types of primary apical meristems are there? Where are they specified?
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM). Specified in embryo.
51
Identify the SAM and RAm in this image.
Blue = RAM Red = SAM
52
How do adventitiuous meristems arise? What does this mean for the plant?
arise spontaneously (ectopically) where we thought we had differentiated tissues; this is why plant growth is so flexible
53
Why isn't there secondary growth in monocots?
scattered, closed vascular bundles. They also lack cambium.
54
How do we explain the longevity and immense heights obtained by wax palms (monocots)?
instead, their vasculature is functional for longer, so they don't have to keep making them. Can also make new vascular bundles when new leaves are made. Leaves are attached to the trunk, area thickens when leaves fall off.
55
Parenchyma cells are pluripotent. What does this mean?
they have the ability to differentiate into other cell types.
56
Differentiate between the three types of collenchyma cells.
Angular collenchyma cells have wall thickening in their corners and stain pink-purple with TBO. Lacunar collenchyma cells are similar except that intercellular spaces are still present. Lamellar collenchyma cells have thickenings on the inner and outer tangential cell walls
57
What does xylem tissue do?
main conducting tissue through which water and minerals are transported from the roots to all plant organs
58
What is primary xylem developed from? Where is this located?
Developed from procambium of apical meristems in root and shoot tips.
59
What is primary xylem composed of? When do they form?
Primary xylem is composed of protoxylem, which forms earlier during plant development, and metaxylem, which forms later after the elongation/expansion of the plant organ is complete.
60
Do all plants form secondary xylem?
No, only plants that undergo secondary growth.
61
What produces secondary xylem?
Vascular cambium.
62
What does secondary xylem do?
Secondary xylem cells eventually become dead and empty, losing their conducting functions and serving only to support the plant
63
What are vessels?
Vessels are long tubes composed of individual cells, called vessel members,
64
What are features of vessel members?
thick secondary cell walls and are opened at each end. May have perforation plate between pairs.
65
What are tracheids?
Cells with a thick cell wall and are tapered at the end.
66
What are ray cells?
Ray cells are horizontal rows of parenchyma cells that develop from vascular cambium and radiate out from the center of stems and roots
67
Describe the cell wall patterns of tracheary elements in the protoxylem and metaxylem.
Tracheary elements that first develop in the protoxylem have either helical (spiral) or annular secondary wall patterns. This allows these elements to stretch and elongate. Treachery elements in the metaxylem have scalariform, reticulate or pitted secondary cell wall patterns and usually have ceased elongation
68
What does phloem tissue do?
Phloem tissue conducts and distributes products of photosynthesis
69
What are sieve elements? What are their two types?
Sieve elements are the photosynthate conducting cells. They may be either sieve cells or sieve tube members
70
What are sieve tubes? What separates them?
Sieve tubes are formed when two or more sieve elements align end to end, separated by sieve plates allowing for photosynthate movement through pores.
71
What are sieve tube members associated with?
companion cells.
72
What do fibres do in the phloem?
augment structural support of the tissue
73
What is the shoot system of a plant?
All aboveground portions.
74
List some functions of the plant shoot.
Respiration, acquiring resources and raw materials, competing for resources, photosynthesis, biotic and abiotic challenges, reproduction and dispersal, growth and development, support, coordination with root system
75
What is a potential trade-off in functions of plants?
CO2 intake vs. water loss
76
What organs is the function of support linked to?
Stems
77
What organs is the function of photosynthesis inked to?
Leaves
78
What organs is the function of regulating water loss linked to?
Leaves, stem (stomata), cuticle, bark
79
What organs is the function of reproduction linked to?
Flowers, seeds, fruit, rhizomes, stolons, adventitious meristems
80
What organs is the function of protection from herbivores linked to?
Defense chemicals, thorns, spines and prickles, trichomes, thick cuticle, woody bark
81
Label each of these as Determinate (D) or Indeterminate (I) growth: Shoot growth and root systems of perennial, biennial, annual plants Crops Thickening of woody plants Vascular and cork cambia Cross-sectional arrangement of tissues and cells in non-woody plant stems Axillary buds/branches Individual flowers Most leaves Grass leaves Embryo
Shoot growth and root systems of perennial, biennial, annual plants - I Crops - D Thickening of woody plants - I Vascular and cork cambia - I Cross-sectional arrangement of tissues and cells in non-woody plant stems - D Axillary buds/branches - I Individual flowers - D Most leaves - D Grass leaves - I Embryo - D
82
What is the procambium?
a meristematic tissue concerned with providing the primary tissues of the vascular system

BIO203 (12 decks)

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