Plant Cells

Question 1

how do plants get what they need

Answer 1

• Minerals
• Water
• Sunlight
• Oxygen for respiration
• carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

Plants get these nutrients from their environment.

Question 2

How are plants adapted for transportation of materials

Answer 2

Leaves: Entry and exit for gases needed

Stems: connect roots to leaves, flowers and fruits.

Roots: absorb water and minerals from soil

Question 3

Xylem

Answer 3

Xylem: transport water and minerals up the stem from the roots to the shoots and leaves. In one direction only.
Xylem vessels have thick cellulose cell walls strengthened by lignin (also help support plant). Inside is hollow and xylem vessels are dead cells.

Question 4

Phloem

Answer 4

Phloem or sieve tubes: Transport food in the form of sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues. Made of living cells, transport food in the form of sugars. Contains sieve plates.

Question 5

Producing waste

Answer 5

They produce their own food through photosynthesis)

Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and produce oxygen (waste product). These gases move in and out of the plant through the leaves by diffusion. When concentration of CO2 inside plant is low, it will diffuse in from the air, through pores in the leaves into the plant cells.

If concentration of oxygen is high inside plant, it will diffuse from plant cells through the pores and into the air.

*Diffusion of gases occur in the leaves: thin, air spaces between cells and there are lots of stomata (pores) on undersides of leaves, letting gases in and out (distance easier, speed faster)

Question 6

Transpiration

Answer 6

Loss of water by evaporation from plants
*water moves up plant stems, moving from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Plants lose water when they open the stomata in the leaves to let in carbon dioxide. Water always moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This movement of water (diffusion) is called osmosis. Air —> less water than the cells of the plant, therefore evaporation occurs

Process helps plants draw water from soil to very tips of the plant because leaves have low water concentration, cycle continues.

Question 7

Factors that affect transpiration?

Answer 7

• Humidity
• Light intensity
• temperature
• air movement wind

Question 8

Active transport

Answer 8

movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to high concentration

Question 9

Concentration gradient

Answer 9

a change in the concentration of a substance from one area to another

Question 10

Cellulose

Answer 10

the main component of cell walls

Question 11

Guard cells

Answer 11

a pair of cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma

Question 12

humidity

Answer 12

amount of water vapour in the air

Question 13

Lignin

Answer 13

substance found in some xylem cells, which strengthens the cell wall

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

movement of water from area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 15

Potometer

Answer 15

piece of equipment that can be used to indirectly measure the rate of transpiration

Question 16

Root hair cell

Answer 16

thin, hair-like outgrowth on roots

Question 17

sieve tube

Answer 17

series of joined phloem cells

Question 18

stoma and stomata

Answer 18

stoma (singular)- single hole on lower surface of the leaf that allows gases in and out

stomata(plural)- small holes in the lower surface of a leaf that allow gases in n out

Question 19

Vascular bundle

Answer 19

grouping of transport tissues

Question 20

Types of tissues: Permanent

Answer 20

• ground tissue
  -vascular tissue
• dermal tissue

Question 21

dermal tissue

Answer 21

covers and protects plan, controls gas exchage and water absorption

• waxy cuticle: covers stems and leaves and prevents evaporative water loss
• stomata: specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle
• root hairs: extensions of root epidermal cells
• trichomes: small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue

Question 22

vascular tissue

Answer 22

transports water and nutrients from roots to diff parts of the plant

• xylem
• phloem
• vascular bundle: xylem and phloem always lie adjacent to each other

Question 23

ground tissue

Answer 23

carries out diff functions based on cell type and location in plant

• parenchyma: photosynthesis in the leaves and storage in the roots
• sclerenchyma: shoot support in areas where growth has ceased, the site of photosynthesis, provides a structural support for the stem and helps store water + sugars
• collenchyma: shoot support in areas of active growth

Question 24

Meristematic tissue

Answer 24

ells or group of cells that have the ability to divide: undifferentiated cells and participate in plant growth

not permanent

Question 25

Shoot system

Answer 25

stems, leaves and reproductive parts of the plants (grow above ground where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis)

Question 26

root system

Answer 26

Root system: underground, supports plants, absorbs water and minerals and usually stores products of photosynthesis

Question 27

Vascular vs non-vascular plants

Answer 27

Vacular: developed vascular system, have xylem and phloem Non-vascular: lack vascular bundles, small in size and simpler structures for the conduction of water and nutrients