Plant Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is a carbohydrate?
It’s a molecule with a carbon hydrogen and oxygen, but must be in the correct ratio
The chemical definition of carbohydrates is the primary source of carbohydrates for livestock and humans is plants within plants. Carbohydrates exist in what three following forms.
Sugars – usually small monomers glucose or fructose or diamonds that are building blocks for more complex carbohydrates
0LIGOSACCHARIDES -2–20 monomers joined together usually breakdown products released from larger molecules
Polysaccharides – long chain sugar polymers usually bonded clinically by glycolic linkages into multi chain complexes such as cellulose or hemi cellulose
What does the term simple sugars mean?
Compounds such as glucose, fructose and sucrose they are typically intermediate in the plants metabolism and a rapidly metabolised through storage forms of carbohydrates
What are FRUCTANS?
Fontaines are broadly cement similar to starches in terms of storage and they are easily broken down by microbes for an energy source
Are fructans water soluble?
Yes, and mainly found in the leaves of temperate plants
What are pectins?
Pectins are water soluble. They join plants together like glue and they are high in legumes and less in grasses. Pectins are rapidly broken down by microbes.
What are the two monogastric energy sources?
Metabolisable energy from glucose (starch digestion in intestines)
Metabolised energy from lipids
Amino acids (essential.A.A.must be supplied in diet)
What are ruminant energy sources?
Ruminants gain metabolisable energy from fibrous roughage and byproducts – they have room in microbes that have enzymes that can degrade cellulose to glucose
Where does the digestion begin in ruminants and how is it assisted?
Breakdown of feeds in ruminant start in the room and digestion is assisted by the enzymes of anaerobic microbes and plant cell enzymes
What are five examples of temperate climate zones commercial types of grains?
Barley, oats, rye, wheat, tritcale
What are three examples of tropical zone commercial types of grain?
Millet, corn/maze, rice
What is PHYTATE?
Fight eight is a major form of phosphate in plant seeds and grains that cannot be degraded by monogastric animals phytate also acts a strong shelter of mineral ions therefore is associated with health issues
Name all nine essential amino acids
PHENYLALANINE
Valine
TRYPTOPHANE
THREONINE
ISOLEUCINE
METHIONINE
HISTIDINE
LEUCINE
LYSINE
What are the four stages of fermentation in silage?
1.anaerobic phase, metabolism of plants and epiphates formation of nitrogen gases
2.fermentation phase, replication facultative anaerobic MO, firstly E. coli aero genic species, then lactic acid bacteria duration – 20 days
3.end of fermentation process (approximately four weeks), constant microbiota composition (predominantly lactic acid bacteria),
4.entrance of oxygen/oxygen contact during usage, reactivation of yeast, aerobic bacteria, mould. Oxidative metabolism of lactic acid, pH increases, further promotes fermentation.
What are the two reasons for days dysfermentation?
Aerobic instability
incomplete air ceiling inadequate consolidation product to wilted, anaerobic bacteria, yeasts, moulds, easy fermentable carbohydrates down, fungus, toxins, alkaline products, alcohols up
Anaerobic instability
Water content up sugar content down temperature up pH up bacteria up, bacteria closyridia, acetic acid, bric acid up, spores, deterioration, mould
